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750 Flashcards

1
Q

results or inferences that systematiclally deviate from the truth “or processes leading to such deviation”

A

bias

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2
Q 
randomization
more than 1 group to allow comparison
control: subjects and intervention
measurement: patient/client impairment, activity limitations, and participation using validated measures
systematic data collection and analysis
A

ideal characteristics of evidence

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3
Q

hierarchy of evidence for articles about therapy

A 
systematic review of RCT
RCT
systematic review of cohort studies
individual cohort studies
outcomes research
systematic review of case-controlled studies
individual case controlled studies
case or cohort study
expert opinion
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4
Q

what study do you want for diagnosis

A

cross sectional study

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5
Q

what study do you want for prognosis

A

prospective study

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6
Q

what study do you want for intervention

A

RCT

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7
Q

what study do you want for outcome measure

A

retrospective or prospective study

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8
Q

what study do you want for clinical prediction rule

A

RCT

prospective study

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9
Q

what is the outcome of an intervention under IDEAL conditions

A

efficacy

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10
Q

to what extent can an intervention produce the outcome under typical clinical conditions

A

effectiveness

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11
Q

PICO

A

patient
intervention
comparison/control
outcome

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12
Q

original research reports such as articles in peer reviewed journals or on websites, theses and dissertations, and proceedings from professional meetings

A

primary source

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13
Q

textbooks, summaries on web sites, and review papers that contain information based on primary sources of information

A

secondary sources

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14
Q

the practice of taking someone elses work or ideas and passing them off as ones own

A

plagiarism

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15
Q

mental images of observable phenomenon described in words. fatigue pain

A

concepts

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16
Q

a non observable abstraction created for a specific purpose that is defined by observable measures eg QOL, satisfaction

A

constructs

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17
Q

an organized set of relationships among concepts and constructs that is proposed to explain relationships

A

theory

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18
Q

a collection of interrelated concepts or constructs that reflect a common theme; may be the basis of a more formal theory

A

conceptual framework

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19
Q

predictions on the outcomes of a study

A

hypotheses

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20
Q

predictions of what will happen if the research intervention is successful

A

Ha: research hypotheses

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21
Q

prediction that no difference or relationship between variable sill be demonstrated based on the research intervention

A

Ho: null hypotheses

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22
Q

design in which there is only one subject group OR in which randomization to more than one subject group is lacking OR both lacking
controlled manipulation of the subjects is preserved
overall, lower level of control

A

quasi-experimental design

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23
Q

controlled manipulation of the subjects is lacking
any grouping of subjects is perdetermined and based on naturally occurring subject characteristics or activities
“observational Study”
analysis limited to descriptive statistics

A

nonexperimental design

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24
Q

quantitative designs

A 
experimental 
quasi-experimental
non experimental
within subject analysis 
between subject analysis
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25
Q

compares repeated measures of an outcome within the same individuals

A

within-subject designs

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26
Q

compares outcomes between two or more groups of subjects

A

between subject designs

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27
Q

single point in time or limited time interval

A

cross-sectional

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28
Q

across and extended period of time

A

longitudinal

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29
Q

historical data; lack control

A

retrospective

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30
Q

happens in future; researcher has more controls on inclusion/exclusion and manipulation of variables

A

prospective

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31
Q

used for questions about prognostic factors
the same group of subjects are followed time, additional groups can be use for comparison
group shares a common characteristic
observational descriptive designs provide results to statistical analysis of the relationship between the prognostic factor and outcomes
time to ensure the outcome occurs is essential
may be prospective or retrospective (prospective have more control)

A

cohort designs

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32
Q

a retrospective approach
subjects with the outcome are compared to a control group known to be free of the outcome
goal of study is the relative frequency of exposure to the prognostic factor- risk factor identification

A

case-control designs

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33
Q

measuring the extent to which an intervention produces a desired outcome under ideal condidions

A

efficacy

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34
Q

measuring the impact of an intervention under usual clinical conditions

A

effectiveness

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35
Q

included two or more groups to which subjects are randomly assigned
intervention given to one group
results compared for statistical significance of differences

A

randomized controlled trial RCT

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36
Q

study contains a purposeful intervention with subjects, but lacks a control group or randomization of subjects

A

quasi-experimental

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37
Q

only one subject undergoes, in alternating fashion an experimental treatment period and a control comparison period
can impose multiple intervention periods to test interaction

A

single-system designs

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38
Q

human action has meaning to those involved: to understand action, one must grasp the meaning that constitutes the action

A

interpretivism

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39
Q

and approach to the analysis of texts that stresses how prior understanding of prejudices shape the interpretive process

A

hermeneutics

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40
Q

understandings of self and reality are based on experience within a cultural backdrop of shared understanding, practices, language, norms

A

social constructionism

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41
Q

extent that data withing a category agree/dovetail

A

internal homogeneity

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42
Q

extent that categories are distinct; discreet categories

A

heterogeneity of data

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43
Q

what the category is called should make sense

A

internal plausibility

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44
Q

categories together explain the phenomena

A

external plausibility

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45
Q

a probabilistic sampling method in which each potential subject has an equal chance of being selected

A

simple random sample

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46
Q

a probabilistic sampling method in which the first subject is randomly selected from a group organized according to a known identifier, then all remaining subjects are chosen based on their numerical distance from the first individual

A

systematic sampling approach

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47
Q

a proablilistic sampling method in which subgroups of a population are identified and randomly selected to ensure their inclusion in a study

A

stratified random sample

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48
Q

a probabilistic sampling method in which subjects are randomly selected from naturally occurring pockets of the population of interest that are geographically dispersed

A

cluster sampling

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49
Q

methods for choosing subjects that do not use a random selection process; the sample may not represent accurately the population from which it is drawn

A

non probabilistic sampling methods

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50
Q

a non probabilistic sampling method in which investigators select subjects who are readily available

A

convenience sampling

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51
Q

a non probabilistic sampling method in which the initial subjects in a study recruit additional participants via word of mouth communication

A

snowball sampling

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52
Q

a non probabilistic sampling in which investigators hand select specific individuals to participate based on characteristics important to the researcher

A

purposive sampling

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53
Q

the probability that a statistical test will detect, if present, a relationship between two or more variables or a difference between two or more groups

A

power

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54
Q

the variable that is purposefully manipulated by investigators in an effort to produce a change in outcome

A

independent variable

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55
Q

the outcome of interest in a study

in intervention studies it is presumed to happen as a result of the manipulation of the IV

A

dependent variable

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56
Q

a factor other than the independent variable which may influence or confound the dependent variable

A

confounding variable

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57
Q

a measure that classifies objects or characteristics but lacks rand order and known equal distance between categories
religion
sex
yes/no response

A

nominal

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58
Q

a measure that classifies objects or characteristics in rank order but lacks the mathematical properties of a known equal distance between categories; may o may not have a natural zero point

A

ordinal

59
Q

a measure that classifies objects or characteristics in rank order with a known equal distance between categories but that lacks a known empirical zero point; that is “0” does not reflect the absence of the characteristic
fahrenheit
IQ score
Year

A

interval

60
Q 
a measure that classifies objects or characteristics in rank order with knwon equal distance between categories and a known zero point
values cannot be negative
height
weight
BP
speed
A

ratio

61
Q

the extent to which repeated measurements agree with one another

A

reproducibility/reliability

62
Q

the extent to which subsection of an instrument measure the same concept or construct

A

internal consistency

63
Q

the stability of repeated measures by the same examiner

A

intrarater reliability

64
Q

the stability of repeated measures across two or more examiners

A

interrater reliability

65
Q

a subjective assessment of the degree to which an instrument appears to measure what it is designed to measure

A

face validity

66
Q

the degree to which items in an instrument represent all of the facets of the variable being measured

A

content validity

67
Q

the degree to which a measure matches the operational definition of the concept or construct it is said to represent

A

construct validity

68
Q

a method of construct validation that reflects the degree to which two or more measures of the same phenomenon or characteristic will produce similar scores

A

convergent validity

69
Q

the degree to which and instrument can distinguish between or among different concepts/construts

A

discriminant validity

70
Q

the degree to which instrument scores relate to a reference standard instruments scores

A

criterion validity

71
Q

agreement between the results obtained by the given instrument and the results obtained for the same population by another instrument acknowledged as the “gold standard”

A

concurrent validity

72
Q

agreement between results obtained by the evaluated instrument and results obtained from more direct and objective measurements

A

predictive validity

73
Q

values are distinct categories
location/setting
level of WBing: NWB, TTWD, WBAT

A

discrete

74
Q

only two values of the characteristic are possible
men/women
successful/unsuccessful

A

dichotomous

75
Q

on a scale with increments
gait speed
distance

A

continuous

76
Q

derived from previously tested subjects

A

norm referenced

77
Q

comparison to a previously established ‘absolute’ standard

A

criterion referenced

78
Q

extent to which observed scores are disbursed around “true score” the “standard deviation of measurement errors” obtained from repeated measures

A

standard error of measurement

79
Q

the amount of change that exceeds the standard of error of measurement of an instrument. the detected change between measures is due to real change, not error in measureemnt

A

minimal detectable change

80
Q

no change is seen in scores even with lower performance

A

floor effect

81
Q

no change is seen in scores even with better performance

A

ceiling effect

82
Q

statistics that describe the data collected by researchers to summarized numerically details about a phenomenon of interest, determine if data is ready for analysis, provide info about relevant characteristics

A

descriptive statistics

83
Q

statistical tests that permit estimations of population characteristics based on data provided by the sample. allows researcher to make generalizations from the research sample to the population of interest

A

inferential statistics

84
Q

a form of inferential statistics that allow researchers to make decisions about the data rather than just describe the data
used for ratio or interval level data, although some researchers also use parametric statistics on ordinal level data

A

parametric staticstics

85
Q

tests used for nominal and ordinal level data or when data do no meet parametric test assumptions
a normal distribution is not needed for these tests and they are used when data is too skewed for transformation

A

non parametric statistics

86
Q

2 independent groups

one DV

A

independent t test

87
Q

2 independent groups

2 or more DVs

A

MANOVA

88
Q

3 or more independent groups

one DV

A

ANOVA

89
Q

3 or more independent groups

2 or more DVs

A

MANOVA

90
Q

2 dependent groups

one DV

A

paired t test

91
Q

2 dependent groups

2 or more DVs

A

MANOVA

92
Q

3 or more dependent groups

one DV

A

ANOVA

93
Q

3 or more dependent groups

2 or more DVs

A

MANOVA

94
Q

between (independent)

one DV

A

ANOVA

95
Q

between (independent)

2 or more DVs

A

MANOVA

96
Q

within (dependent)

one DV

A

ANOVA

97
Q

within (dependent)

2 or more DVs

A

MANOVA

98
Q

parametric test for 2 sample

A

t test

99
Q

parametric test for paired sample

A

paired t test

100
Q

parametric test for >2 samples

A

1 way ANOVA

101
Q

parametric test for correlation

A

pearsons r

102
Q

parametric test for crossed comparisons

A

factorial ANOVA

103
Q

find the average

A

mean

104
Q

the most frequently occurring score or the tallest bar in a frequency distribution

A

mode

105
Q

the middle score of rank ordered values

if not odd number of scores take the middle 2 scores, add and divide by 2

A

median

106
Q

square root of the variance

A

standard deviation

107
Q

has positive outliers pulling the tail out on the right side of the curve

A

positive or R skew

108
Q

has negative outliers pulling the tail out on the left side of the curve

A

negative or L skew

109
Q

about ___% of the scores lie within +/- 1 standard deviation from the mean

A

68%

110
Q

about ___% of the scores lie within +/- 12standard deviation from the mean

A

95%

111
Q

compare two sample means to each other and test the likelihood that the difference arose by chance

A

t tests

112
Q

compares the averages of two samples that are selected independently of each other (the subjects in the two groups are not he same people)

A

independent group t test

113
Q

concerned with the difference between the average scores of a single sample of individuals assessed at two different times or on two different measures

A

dependent or paired group t tests

114
Q

the probability that the study’s findings occurred by chance

A

p-value

115
Q

t tests only allow for comparisons of 2 groups or paired measures
to make >3 comparisons you move to

A

ANOVA

116
Q

measures the strength of the linear relationship between two variables

A

correlation coefficient “r”

117
Q

the larger the absolute value of r, the ________ the strength of the linear relationship

A

greater

118
Q

a variable that describes how rather than when effects will occur by accounting for the relationship between the IV and DV.

A

mediator

119
Q

pinpoint the conditions under which an IV exerts its effect on the DV. It can be thought of as an interaction;

A

moderator

120
Q

how or why

A

mediator

121
Q

when

A

moderator

122
Q

overall estimate of the average intervention effect based on all of the available data from multiple trials
“pooled estimates”

A

meta analysis

123
Q

refers to the variation in study outcomes between studies

A

heterogeneity

124
Q

is calculated as the weighted sum of squared differences between individual study effects and the pooled effect across studies with the weights being those used in the pooling method

A

cochran’s Q

125
Q

percentage of variation across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance; expression of inconsistency of studies results

A

I^2

126
Q

test detects something that is really there

A

true positive

127
Q

test detects something that is not really there

A

false positive

128
Q

test detects nothing, and nothing is there

A

true negative

129
Q

test detects nothing, but there is something there

A

false negative

130
Q

maximize you true +

confidently rule out

A

sensitivity (SNOUT)

131
Q

maximize true -

confidently rule in

A

specificity (SPIN)

132
Q

the proportion of individuals with the condition of interest that have a positive test result

A

sensitivity

133
Q

the proportion of individuals without the condition of interest who have a negative test result

A

specificity

134
Q

describes the ability of a diagnostic test to correctly determine the proportion of patient with the disease from all the patients with positive results

A

positive predictive value

135
Q

describes the ability of a diagnostic test to correctly determine the proportion of patients without the disease from all the patients with negative results

A

Negative predictive value

136
Q

are described by tests of group differences which compare groups using means, ranks, or frequencies

A

effects of treatment

137
Q

identifies the magnitude of difference between two group means, continuous measures

A

effect size

138
Q

respect for others, honesty, fairness, decency, and moral consistency

A

moral integrity

139
Q

respect for autonomy
justice
humaneness
honesty

A

scientific integrity

140
Q

self determination and the capacity of individuals to make decisions affecting their lives and to act on those decisions

A

autonomy

141
Q

obligation to attend to the well-being of individuals; in research “maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harm

A

beneficence

142
Q

fairness in the research process, or the equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens, at an individual and society level

A

justice

143
Q

disclosure of the purpose of the study, explanation of procedures, study duration, potential side effects, benefits of participation, types of questions they may be asked, methods to ensure confidentiality and anonymity; all information in lay language

A

information elements

Comp 1 (17 decks)

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