750 Flashcards
1
Q
results or inferences that systematiclally deviate from the truth “or processes leading to such deviation”
A
bias
2
Q
randomization more than 1 group to allow comparison control: subjects and intervention measurement: patient/client impairment, activity limitations, and participation using validated measures systematic data collection and analysis
A
ideal characteristics of evidence
3
Q
hierarchy of evidence for articles about therapy
A
systematic review of RCT RCT systematic review of cohort studies individual cohort studies outcomes research systematic review of case-controlled studies individual case controlled studies case or cohort study expert opinion
4
Q
what study do you want for diagnosis
A
cross sectional study
5
Q
what study do you want for prognosis
A
prospective study
6
Q
what study do you want for intervention
A
RCT
7
Q
what study do you want for outcome measure
A
retrospective or prospective study
8
Q
what study do you want for clinical prediction rule
A
RCT
prospective study
9
Q
what is the outcome of an intervention under IDEAL conditions
A
efficacy
10
Q
to what extent can an intervention produce the outcome under typical clinical conditions
A
effectiveness
11
Q
PICO
A
patient
intervention
comparison/control
outcome
12
Q
original research reports such as articles in peer reviewed journals or on websites, theses and dissertations, and proceedings from professional meetings
A
primary source
13
Q
textbooks, summaries on web sites, and review papers that contain information based on primary sources of information
A
secondary sources
14
Q
the practice of taking someone elses work or ideas and passing them off as ones own
A
plagiarism
15
Q
mental images of observable phenomenon described in words. fatigue pain
A
concepts
16
Q
a non observable abstraction created for a specific purpose that is defined by observable measures eg QOL, satisfaction
A
constructs
17
Q
an organized set of relationships among concepts and constructs that is proposed to explain relationships
A
theory
18
Q
a collection of interrelated concepts or constructs that reflect a common theme; may be the basis of a more formal theory
A
conceptual framework
19
Q
predictions on the outcomes of a study
A
hypotheses
20
Q
predictions of what will happen if the research intervention is successful
A
Ha: research hypotheses
21
Q
prediction that no difference or relationship between variable sill be demonstrated based on the research intervention
A
Ho: null hypotheses
22
Q
design in which there is only one subject group OR in which randomization to more than one subject group is lacking OR both lacking
controlled manipulation of the subjects is preserved
overall, lower level of control
A
quasi-experimental design
23
Q
controlled manipulation of the subjects is lacking
any grouping of subjects is perdetermined and based on naturally occurring subject characteristics or activities
“observational Study”
analysis limited to descriptive statistics
A
nonexperimental design
24
Q
quantitative designs
A
experimental quasi-experimental non experimental within subject analysis between subject analysis
25
compares repeated measures of an outcome within the same individuals
within-subject designs
26
compares outcomes between two or more groups of subjects
between subject designs
27
single point in time or limited time interval
cross-sectional
28
across and extended period of time
longitudinal
29
historical data; lack control
retrospective
30
happens in future; researcher has more controls on inclusion/exclusion and manipulation of variables
prospective
31
used for questions about prognostic factors
the same group of subjects are followed time, additional groups can be use for comparison
group shares a common characteristic
observational descriptive designs provide results to statistical analysis of the relationship between the prognostic factor and outcomes
time to ensure the outcome occurs is essential
may be prospective or retrospective (prospective have more control)
cohort designs
32
a retrospective approach
subjects with the outcome are compared to a control group known to be free of the outcome
goal of study is the relative frequency of exposure to the prognostic factor- risk factor identification
case-control designs
33
measuring the extent to which an intervention produces a desired outcome under ideal condidions
efficacy
34
measuring the impact of an intervention under usual clinical conditions
effectiveness
35
included two or more groups to which subjects are randomly assigned
intervention given to one group
results compared for statistical significance of differences
randomized controlled trial RCT
36
study contains a purposeful intervention with subjects, but lacks a control group or randomization of subjects
quasi-experimental
37
only one subject undergoes, in alternating fashion an experimental treatment period and a control comparison period
can impose multiple intervention periods to test interaction
single-system designs
38
human action has meaning to those involved: to understand action, one must grasp the meaning that constitutes the action
interpretivism
39
and approach to the analysis of texts that stresses how prior understanding of prejudices shape the interpretive process
hermeneutics
40
understandings of self and reality are based on experience within a cultural backdrop of shared understanding, practices, language, norms
social constructionism
41
extent that data withing a category agree/dovetail
internal homogeneity
42
extent that categories are distinct; discreet categories
heterogeneity of data
43
what the category is called should make sense
internal plausibility
44
categories together explain the phenomena
external plausibility
45
a probabilistic sampling method in which each potential subject has an equal chance of being selected
simple random sample
46
a probabilistic sampling method in which the first subject is randomly selected from a group organized according to a known identifier, then all remaining subjects are chosen based on their numerical distance from the first individual
systematic sampling approach
47
a proablilistic sampling method in which subgroups of a population are identified and randomly selected to ensure their inclusion in a study
stratified random sample
48
a probabilistic sampling method in which subjects are randomly selected from naturally occurring pockets of the population of interest that are geographically dispersed
cluster sampling
49
methods for choosing subjects that do not use a random selection process; the sample may not represent accurately the population from which it is drawn
non probabilistic sampling methods
50
a non probabilistic sampling method in which investigators select subjects who are readily available
convenience sampling
51
a non probabilistic sampling method in which the initial subjects in a study recruit additional participants via word of mouth communication
snowball sampling
52
a non probabilistic sampling in which investigators hand select specific individuals to participate based on characteristics important to the researcher
purposive sampling
53
the probability that a statistical test will detect, if present, a relationship between two or more variables or a difference between two or more groups
power
54
the variable that is purposefully manipulated by investigators in an effort to produce a change in outcome
independent variable
55
the outcome of interest in a study
| in intervention studies it is presumed to happen as a result of the manipulation of the IV
dependent variable
56
a factor other than the independent variable which may influence or confound the dependent variable
confounding variable
57
a measure that classifies objects or characteristics but lacks rand order and known equal distance between categories
religion
sex
yes/no response
nominal
58
a measure that classifies objects or characteristics in rank order but lacks the mathematical properties of a known equal distance between categories; may o may not have a natural zero point
ordinal
59
a measure that classifies objects or characteristics in rank order with a known equal distance between categories but that lacks a known empirical zero point; that is "0" does not reflect the absence of the characteristic
fahrenheit
IQ score
Year
interval
60
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a measure that classifies objects or characteristics in rank order with knwon equal distance between categories and a known zero point
values cannot be negative
height
weight
BP
speed
```
ratio
61
the extent to which repeated measurements agree with one another
reproducibility/reliability
62
the extent to which subsection of an instrument measure the same concept or construct
internal consistency
63
the stability of repeated measures by the same examiner
intrarater reliability
64
the stability of repeated measures across two or more examiners
interrater reliability
65
a subjective assessment of the degree to which an instrument appears to measure what it is designed to measure
face validity
66
the degree to which items in an instrument represent all of the facets of the variable being measured
content validity
67
the degree to which a measure matches the operational definition of the concept or construct it is said to represent
construct validity
68
a method of construct validation that reflects the degree to which two or more measures of the same phenomenon or characteristic will produce similar scores
convergent validity
69
the degree to which and instrument can distinguish between or among different concepts/construts
discriminant validity
70
the degree to which instrument scores relate to a reference standard instruments scores
criterion validity
71
agreement between the results obtained by the given instrument and the results obtained for the same population by another instrument acknowledged as the "gold standard"
concurrent validity
72
agreement between results obtained by the evaluated instrument and results obtained from more direct and objective measurements
predictive validity
73
values are distinct categories
location/setting
level of WBing: NWB, TTWD, WBAT
discrete
74
only two values of the characteristic are possible
men/women
successful/unsuccessful
dichotomous
75
on a scale with increments
gait speed
distance
continuous
76
derived from previously tested subjects
norm referenced
77
comparison to a previously established 'absolute' standard
criterion referenced
78
extent to which observed scores are disbursed around "true score" the "standard deviation of measurement errors" obtained from repeated measures
standard error of measurement
79
the amount of change that exceeds the standard of error of measurement of an instrument. the detected change between measures is due to real change, not error in measureemnt
minimal detectable change
80
no change is seen in scores even with lower performance
floor effect
81
no change is seen in scores even with better performance
ceiling effect
82
statistics that describe the data collected by researchers to summarized numerically details about a phenomenon of interest, determine if data is ready for analysis, provide info about relevant characteristics
descriptive statistics
83
statistical tests that permit estimations of population characteristics based on data provided by the sample. allows researcher to make generalizations from the research sample to the population of interest
inferential statistics
84
a form of inferential statistics that allow researchers to make decisions about the data rather than just describe the data
used for ratio or interval level data, although some researchers also use parametric statistics on ordinal level data
parametric staticstics
85
tests used for nominal and ordinal level data or when data do no meet parametric test assumptions
a normal distribution is not needed for these tests and they are used when data is too skewed for transformation
non parametric statistics
86
2 independent groups
| one DV
independent t test
87
2 independent groups
| 2 or more DVs
MANOVA
88
3 or more independent groups
| one DV
ANOVA
89
3 or more independent groups
| 2 or more DVs
MANOVA
90
2 dependent groups
| one DV
paired t test
91
2 dependent groups
| 2 or more DVs
MANOVA
92
3 or more dependent groups
| one DV
ANOVA
93
3 or more dependent groups
| 2 or more DVs
MANOVA
94
between (independent)
| one DV
ANOVA
95
between (independent)
| 2 or more DVs
MANOVA
96
within (dependent)
| one DV
ANOVA
97
within (dependent)
| 2 or more DVs
MANOVA
98
parametric test for 2 sample
t test
99
parametric test for paired sample
paired t test
100
parametric test for >2 samples
1 way ANOVA
101
parametric test for correlation
pearsons r
102
parametric test for crossed comparisons
factorial ANOVA
103
find the average
mean
104
the most frequently occurring score or the tallest bar in a frequency distribution
mode
105
the middle score of rank ordered values
| if not odd number of scores take the middle 2 scores, add and divide by 2
median
106
square root of the variance
standard deviation
107
has positive outliers pulling the tail out on the right side of the curve
positive or R skew
108
has negative outliers pulling the tail out on the left side of the curve
negative or L skew
109
about ___% of the scores lie within +/- 1 standard deviation from the mean
68%
110
about ___% of the scores lie within +/- 12standard deviation from the mean
95%
111
compare two sample means to each other and test the likelihood that the difference arose by chance
t tests
112
compares the averages of two samples that are selected independently of each other (the subjects in the two groups are not he same people)
independent group t test
113
concerned with the difference between the average scores of a single sample of individuals assessed at two different times or on two different measures
dependent or paired group t tests
114
the probability that the study's findings occurred by chance
p-value
115
t tests only allow for comparisons of 2 groups or paired measures
to make >3 comparisons you move to
ANOVA
116
measures the strength of the linear relationship between two variables
correlation coefficient "r"
117
the larger the absolute value of r, the ________ the strength of the linear relationship
greater
118
a variable that describes how rather than when effects will occur by accounting for the relationship between the IV and DV.
mediator
119
pinpoint the conditions under which an IV exerts its effect on the DV. It can be thought of as an interaction;
moderator
120
how or why
mediator
121
when
moderator
122
overall estimate of the average intervention effect based on all of the available data from multiple trials
"pooled estimates"
meta analysis
123
refers to the variation in study outcomes between studies
heterogeneity
124
is calculated as the weighted sum of squared differences between individual study effects and the pooled effect across studies with the weights being those used in the pooling method
cochran's Q
125
percentage of variation across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance; expression of inconsistency of studies results
I^2
126
test detects something that is really there
true positive
127
test detects something that is not really there
false positive
128
test detects nothing, and nothing is there
true negative
129
test detects nothing, but there is something there
false negative
130
maximize you true +
| confidently rule out
sensitivity (SNOUT)
131
maximize true -
| confidently rule in
specificity (SPIN)
132
the proportion of individuals with the condition of interest that have a positive test result
sensitivity
133
the proportion of individuals without the condition of interest who have a negative test result
specificity
134
describes the ability of a diagnostic test to correctly determine the proportion of patient with the disease from all the patients with positive results
positive predictive value
135
describes the ability of a diagnostic test to correctly determine the proportion of patients without the disease from all the patients with negative results
Negative predictive value
136
are described by tests of group differences which compare groups using means, ranks, or frequencies
effects of treatment
137
identifies the magnitude of difference between two group means, continuous measures
effect size
138
respect for others, honesty, fairness, decency, and moral consistency
moral integrity
139
respect for autonomy
justice
humaneness
honesty
scientific integrity
140
self determination and the capacity of individuals to make decisions affecting their lives and to act on those decisions
autonomy
141
obligation to attend to the well-being of individuals; in research "maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harm
beneficence
142
fairness in the research process, or the equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens, at an individual and society level
justice
143
disclosure of the purpose of the study, explanation of procedures, study duration, potential side effects, benefits of participation, types of questions they may be asked, methods to ensure confidentiality and anonymity; all information in lay language
information elements
