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825 Flashcards

1
Q

surrounds entire muscle: also known as fasica

A

epimysium

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2
Q

surrounds fasciculi

A

perimysium

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3
Q

surrounds myocytes

A

endomysium

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4
Q

muscle cell membrane; underlies the endomysium

A

sarcolemma

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5
Q

invaginations of the sarcolemma
transmit action potential into interior muscle cell
closely apposed to sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

transverse (T) tubules

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6
Q

membranous sac underlying the sarcolemma
responsible for calcium storage, release and uptake
integral to muscle contraction

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

bulbous enlargements of the SR

store and release calcium

A

terminal cisternae

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8
Q

muscle cell membrane

contains sarcoplasm, cellular proteins, organelles and myofibrils

A

sarcolemma

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9
Q 
divided into individual contactile units - sarcomeres
thick filaments (myosin)
thin filaments (actin)
troponon and tropomyosin are located on actin protein
A

myofibrils

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10
Q

molecular blueprint: specifies and coordinates assembly of structural, regulatory and contractile proteins
molecular spring: links Z disk to Mline of sarcomere, maintains relative position of actin and myosin, contributes to muscle extensibility and passive force development
may also contribure to signal transduction from myofibril to nucleus and other cellular areas

A

Titin/ Connectin

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11
Q

comprises majority of thin myofilament
arranged in double helix formation
contains myosin binding sites

A

actin

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12
Q

resides in groove along length of actin protein

blocks myosin binding site under resting conditions

A

tropomyosin

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13
Q

spaced at regular intervals along length of actin protein

regulates position of tropomyosin relative to myosin binding site

A

troponin

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14
Q

slow oxidative

A

Type I

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15
Q

fast oxidative-glycolytic

A

Type IIa

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16
Q

fast glycolytic

A

Type IIb

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17
Q

recommended protein intake for sedentary adults

A

.8 g protein/kgBW/day

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18
Q

recommended protein intake for physically active adult

A

1 protein/kgBW/day

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19
Q

tendons and myocyte crossbridges

translate stretch into force

A

series elastic components

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20
Q

collagenous structures

stabilize and protect muscle

A

parallel elastic components

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21
Q

stretch creates potential energy that can enhance forces produced by contractile elements

A

stretch-shortening cylce

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22
Q

muscle tension must be developed at adequate intensity and duration

A

overload

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23
Q

training must stress the muscles, fibers, motor units that need to perform

A

specificity

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24
Q

disuse results in loss of muscle mass

A

reversibility

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25
Q

strength gains can be variable

A

individuality

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26
Q

muscle mass peaks at

A

25-30 years of age

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27
Q

velocity at which action potentials are propagated along the cell membrane is primarily determined by two factors

A

fiber diameter

presence of myelin

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28
Q

localized disturbances in post synaptic membrane potential (depolarizes or hyperpolarizes)
arise from action of ion channels
summation can occur spatially or temporally
graded amplitude, proportional to stimulus stregth

A

graded potentials

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29
Q

debolarizes membrane
all or none ampliture, stimulus strength coded by frequency
absolute and relative refractory periods

A

action potential

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30
Q

basic functional unit of skeletal muscle

A

motor units

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31
Q

contains relay pathways form cerebellum, basal ganglia, and superior colliculus to motor cortex
contributes to motor generation and self monitoring (corollary discharge)

A

thalamus

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32
Q

regulates internal environment to maintain homeostasis
temp, BP, HR, contractility, respiration, digestion, fluid balance, emotion, neuroendocrines, sleep wake, appetite, thirst

A

hypothalamus

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33
Q

receives visual and proprioceptive input
compares actual movement to motor play
generates corrective responses
this coordinates the timing and sequence of muscle activity, smoothing movement

A

cerebellum

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34
Q

autonomic regulatory centers for respiratory and cardiovascular centers
reticular system: coordinates muscle function, maintains muscle tone, contributes to selep wake cycle and consciousness, pain control

A

brain stem

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35
Q

cortiocospinal and corticobulbar tracts
innervate motor neuron in spinal cord and brainstem
involved in voluntary movement

A

pyramidal

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36
Q

primarily located in reticular formation
modulated by cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia
involved in reflexed, postural control and coordination of movement

A

extrapyramidal

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37
Q

fight or flight

important implications for exercise due to control of HR . vasculatrue and respiration

A

sympathetic

38
Q

feed and breed

promotes synthesis of glycogen

A

parasympathetic

39
Q

aerobic training exercise prescription for stroke

A

20-60 min
3-5 days per week
low to moderate intensity (40-70% VO2 or HR)

40
Q

strength trining exercise presciption for stroke

A

2-3 days per week

low to moderate (3 sets of 8-12 reps)

41
Q

progressive loss of dopaminergic cells in basal gangla

A

parkinsons disease

42
Q

aerobic training exercise prescription for PD

A

up to 60 min
3 or more days per week
low to moderage intensity (40-80% peak HR)

43
Q

walking exercise prescription for PD

A

20-30 min per day
4-6 sessions per day
self selected pace

44
Q

strength training exercise prescription for PD

A

3 or more times per week

low intensity

45
Q

chronic, inflammatory demyelination of the CNS
disrupts neural transmission
cycles of exacerbation-remission

A

multiple sclerosis

46
Q

aerobic training exercise prescription for MS

A

30 min
greater than 3 times per week
low to moderate intensity (50-60% VO2 or HR)

47
Q

sympathetic nervous system catecholamines and effect on heart

A

epinephrine and norepinepherine

increased myocardial contractility and blood flow

48
Q

VO2 max =

A

Q *a-vO2 difference

49
Q

Q=

A

SV*HR

50
Q

SV=

and relation to work rate

A

end diastolic volume- end systolic volume

increased curvilenearly with work rate until it reaches near max at about 50% or aerobic capacity

51
Q

more blood in the ventricle causes a greater stretch and contract with increased force

A

frank starling mechanism

52
Q

where is the greatest change of pressure in the vascular system

A

deccreases the most in the arterioles

53
Q

the velocity of flow is __________ proportional to the cross sectional area of the vessel

A

inversely

54
Q

blood flow is transiently increased following a brief period of total ischemia

A

reactive hyperemia

55
Q

rise in CO2 disproportionate to a rise in O2
indicates the level of exercise where body has reached level in which energy can no longer be solely supplied by aerobic metabolism

A

anaerobic threshold

56
Q

RER >1 indicates

A

anaerobic metabolism present

57
Q

RER >1.09 indicates

A

maximal effort

58
Q

Q at rest and exercise

A

5 L/min

20 L/min

59
Q

normal maximal SV

A

100-200 ml/beat

60
Q

EF=

average

A

SV/EDV

60%

61
Q

proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat

A

ejection fraction EF

62
Q

karvonen formula

A

(training range % (max HR-resting HR)) + resting HR

63
Q

tidal volume and RR both increase until

A

70-80% of peak exercise

after only RR increases

64
Q

shortness of breath. during exercise this is most often caused by inability tor readjust the blood PCO2 and H+ due to poor conditioning of respiratory muscles

A

dypnea

65
Q

increase in ventilation that exceeds the metabolic need for oxygen. voluntarily this reduces the ventilatory drive by increasing pH

A

hyperventilation

66
Q

a breathing technique to trap and pressurize air in the lungs; if held for and extending period, it can reduce cardiac output. this technique is often used during heavy lifts and can be dangerous

A

valsalva maneuver

67
Q

BP in relation to exercise

A

linear increase in SBP

DBP may decrease slightly or remain the same

68
Q

MAP=

A

Q*TPR

69
Q

ratio between CO2 released and oxygen consumed

A

Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

70
Q

all exercise prescriptions should include

A

warm up/stretching
conditioning
cool-down

71
Q

light intensity

A

30-40% HR or VO2

72
Q

moderate intensity

A

40-60% HR or VO2

73
Q

vigorous intentisy

A

60-90% HR or VO2

74
Q

exercise prescription time

A

30-60 min a day of mod or
20-60 min a day of vig
(3-5 days a week)

75
Q

volume for exercise prescription

A

150 min per week

76
Q

RPE for mod

A

12-13

77
Q

RPE for vig

A

15-16

78
Q

1 MET =

A

3.5 ml/(kg*min)

79
Q

age associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function

A

sarcopenia

80
Q

increases in frequency, intensity or duration should generally be limited to

A

10% per week

81
Q

aerobic training for AIDS

A

3-5 days/week
40-60% VO2 or HRR
30-60 min per day

82
Q

resistance training or AIDS

A

2-3 days per week

2-3 sets of 10-12 reps (60% 1 RM)

83
Q

level that autonomic dysreflexia appears at

A

T6 and above

84
Q

disruption of sympathetic innervation may limit HR to

A

115-130 bpm

85
Q

aerobic training in SCI

A

3-5 days per week
start at 40-60% and progress to 60-80% VO2
30-60 min total

86
Q

resistance training and SCI

A

2-4 days per week

2-3 sets of 8-12 reps

87
Q

no exercise if blood sugar

A

> 250 or

88
Q

paradoxical closure or adduction of the vocal cords during inspiration
this causes partial to severe airflow obstruction with sensations of throat tightness, suffocation and choking

may mimic EIB

A

vocal cord dysfuction

89
Q 
stridor
chest or throat tightness
"cant get air in, something stuck in my throat"
abrupt onset and resolution of symptoms
chronic cough and harseness
tingling in arms and legs
feeling faint
shortness of breath and breathing difficulty
A

vocal cord dysfunciton

90
Q

four square step test interpretation

A

> 15 sec = fall risk

91
Q

wall occiput distance interpretation

A

distance greater than 7 cm rules in thoracic fx

92
Q

TUG interpretation

A

> 14 sec associated with high fall risk

Comp 1 (17 decks)

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