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825 Flashcards

1
Q

surrounds entire muscle: also known as fasica

A

epimysium

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2
Q

surrounds fasciculi

A

perimysium

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3
Q

surrounds myocytes

A

endomysium

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4
Q

muscle cell membrane; underlies the endomysium

A

sarcolemma

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5
Q

invaginations of the sarcolemma
transmit action potential into interior muscle cell
closely apposed to sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

transverse (T) tubules

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6
Q

membranous sac underlying the sarcolemma
responsible for calcium storage, release and uptake
integral to muscle contraction

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

bulbous enlargements of the SR

store and release calcium

A

terminal cisternae

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8
Q

muscle cell membrane

contains sarcoplasm, cellular proteins, organelles and myofibrils

A

sarcolemma

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9
Q 
divided into individual contactile units - sarcomeres
thick filaments (myosin)
thin filaments (actin)
troponon and tropomyosin are located on actin protein
A

myofibrils

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10
Q

molecular blueprint: specifies and coordinates assembly of structural, regulatory and contractile proteins
molecular spring: links Z disk to Mline of sarcomere, maintains relative position of actin and myosin, contributes to muscle extensibility and passive force development
may also contribure to signal transduction from myofibril to nucleus and other cellular areas

A

Titin/ Connectin

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11
Q

comprises majority of thin myofilament
arranged in double helix formation
contains myosin binding sites

A

actin

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12
Q

resides in groove along length of actin protein

blocks myosin binding site under resting conditions

A

tropomyosin

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13
Q

spaced at regular intervals along length of actin protein

regulates position of tropomyosin relative to myosin binding site

A

troponin

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14
Q

slow oxidative

A

Type I

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15
Q

fast oxidative-glycolytic

A

Type IIa

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16
Q

fast glycolytic

A

Type IIb

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17
Q

recommended protein intake for sedentary adults

A

.8 g protein/kgBW/day

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18
Q

recommended protein intake for physically active adult

A

1 protein/kgBW/day

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19
Q

tendons and myocyte crossbridges

translate stretch into force

A

series elastic components

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20
Q

collagenous structures

stabilize and protect muscle

A

parallel elastic components

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21
Q

stretch creates potential energy that can enhance forces produced by contractile elements

A

stretch-shortening cylce

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22
Q

muscle tension must be developed at adequate intensity and duration

A

overload

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23
Q

training must stress the muscles, fibers, motor units that need to perform

A

specificity

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24
Q

disuse results in loss of muscle mass

A

reversibility

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25
strength gains can be variable
individuality
26
muscle mass peaks at
25-30 years of age
27
velocity at which action potentials are propagated along the cell membrane is primarily determined by two factors
fiber diameter | presence of myelin
28
localized disturbances in post synaptic membrane potential (depolarizes or hyperpolarizes) arise from action of ion channels summation can occur spatially or temporally graded amplitude, proportional to stimulus stregth
graded potentials
29
debolarizes membrane all or none ampliture, stimulus strength coded by frequency absolute and relative refractory periods
action potential
30
basic functional unit of skeletal muscle
motor units
31
contains relay pathways form cerebellum, basal ganglia, and superior colliculus to motor cortex contributes to motor generation and self monitoring (corollary discharge)
thalamus
32
regulates internal environment to maintain homeostasis temp, BP, HR, contractility, respiration, digestion, fluid balance, emotion, neuroendocrines, sleep wake, appetite, thirst
hypothalamus
33
receives visual and proprioceptive input compares actual movement to motor play generates corrective responses this coordinates the timing and sequence of muscle activity, smoothing movement
cerebellum
34
autonomic regulatory centers for respiratory and cardiovascular centers reticular system: coordinates muscle function, maintains muscle tone, contributes to selep wake cycle and consciousness, pain control
brain stem
35
cortiocospinal and corticobulbar tracts innervate motor neuron in spinal cord and brainstem involved in voluntary movement
pyramidal
36
primarily located in reticular formation modulated by cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia involved in reflexed, postural control and coordination of movement
extrapyramidal
37
fight or flight | important implications for exercise due to control of HR . vasculatrue and respiration
sympathetic
38
feed and breed | promotes synthesis of glycogen
parasympathetic
39
aerobic training exercise prescription for stroke
20-60 min 3-5 days per week low to moderate intensity (40-70% VO2 or HR)
40
strength trining exercise presciption for stroke
2-3 days per week | low to moderate (3 sets of 8-12 reps)
41
progressive loss of dopaminergic cells in basal gangla
parkinsons disease
42
aerobic training exercise prescription for PD
up to 60 min 3 or more days per week low to moderage intensity (40-80% peak HR)
43
walking exercise prescription for PD
20-30 min per day 4-6 sessions per day self selected pace
44
strength training exercise prescription for PD
3 or more times per week | low intensity
45
chronic, inflammatory demyelination of the CNS disrupts neural transmission cycles of exacerbation-remission
multiple sclerosis
46
aerobic training exercise prescription for MS
30 min greater than 3 times per week low to moderate intensity (50-60% VO2 or HR)
47
sympathetic nervous system catecholamines and effect on heart
epinephrine and norepinepherine | increased myocardial contractility and blood flow
48
VO2 max =
Q *a-vO2 difference
49
Q=
SV*HR
50
SV= | and relation to work rate
end diastolic volume- end systolic volume | increased curvilenearly with work rate until it reaches near max at about 50% or aerobic capacity
51
more blood in the ventricle causes a greater stretch and contract with increased force
frank starling mechanism
52
where is the greatest change of pressure in the vascular system
deccreases the most in the arterioles
53
the velocity of flow is __________ proportional to the cross sectional area of the vessel
inversely
54
blood flow is transiently increased following a brief period of total ischemia
reactive hyperemia
55
rise in CO2 disproportionate to a rise in O2 indicates the level of exercise where body has reached level in which energy can no longer be solely supplied by aerobic metabolism
anaerobic threshold
56
RER >1 indicates
anaerobic metabolism present
57
RER >1.09 indicates
maximal effort
58
Q at rest and exercise
5 L/min | 20 L/min
59
normal maximal SV
100-200 ml/beat
60
EF= | average
SV/EDV | 60%
61
proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat
ejection fraction EF
62
karvonen formula
(training range % (max HR-resting HR)) + resting HR
63
tidal volume and RR both increase until
70-80% of peak exercise | after only RR increases
64
shortness of breath. during exercise this is most often caused by inability tor readjust the blood PCO2 and H+ due to poor conditioning of respiratory muscles
dypnea
65
increase in ventilation that exceeds the metabolic need for oxygen. voluntarily this reduces the ventilatory drive by increasing pH
hyperventilation
66
a breathing technique to trap and pressurize air in the lungs; if held for and extending period, it can reduce cardiac output. this technique is often used during heavy lifts and can be dangerous
valsalva maneuver
67
BP in relation to exercise
linear increase in SBP | DBP may decrease slightly or remain the same
68
MAP=
Q*TPR
69
ratio between CO2 released and oxygen consumed
Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
70
all exercise prescriptions should include
warm up/stretching conditioning cool-down
71
light intensity
30-40% HR or VO2
72
moderate intensity
40-60% HR or VO2
73
vigorous intentisy
60-90% HR or VO2
74
exercise prescription time
30-60 min a day of mod or 20-60 min a day of vig (3-5 days a week)
75
volume for exercise prescription
150 min per week
76
RPE for mod
12-13
77
RPE for vig
15-16
78
1 MET =
3.5 ml/(kg*min)
79
age associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function
sarcopenia
80
increases in frequency, intensity or duration should generally be limited to
10% per week
81
aerobic training for AIDS
3-5 days/week 40-60% VO2 or HRR 30-60 min per day
82
resistance training or AIDS
2-3 days per week | 2-3 sets of 10-12 reps (60% 1 RM)
83
level that autonomic dysreflexia appears at
T6 and above
84
disruption of sympathetic innervation may limit HR to
115-130 bpm
85
aerobic training in SCI
3-5 days per week start at 40-60% and progress to 60-80% VO2 30-60 min total
86
resistance training and SCI
2-4 days per week | 2-3 sets of 8-12 reps
87
no exercise if blood sugar
>250 or
88
paradoxical closure or adduction of the vocal cords during inspiration this causes partial to severe airflow obstruction with sensations of throat tightness, suffocation and choking may mimic EIB
vocal cord dysfuction
89
``` stridor chest or throat tightness "cant get air in, something stuck in my throat" abrupt onset and resolution of symptoms chronic cough and harseness tingling in arms and legs feeling faint shortness of breath and breathing difficulty ```
vocal cord dysfunciton
90
four square step test interpretation
>15 sec = fall risk
91
wall occiput distance interpretation
distance greater than 7 cm rules in thoracic fx
92
TUG interpretation
>14 sec associated with high fall risk

Comp 1 (17 decks)

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