Kinanthropometry and body composition

Question 1

What aspects of body composition are relevant for sports and why?

Answer 1

FM
FFM
BF%
TBW
Bone mineral density
Body size +shape

Question 2

Problems with excess fat in athletes:

Answer 2

1. adds to load and metabolic cost of PA without contributing to force-producing capacity
2. decreases strength-to-weight ratio
3. More prone to injury
4. insulates and retards heat dissipation, next to unfavourable area/volume ratio

Question 3

Problems with extreme leanness:

Answer 3

• Decreased performance
• Health risk (amenorroe)
• Risk for developing eating disorders

Question 4

3. Male and female competitive swimmers generally have higher body fat levels than distance runners. Give two reasons why in swimmers the body fat content is less critical for performance than in runners.

Answer 4

3. Gravity is absent + other aspects are more important, such as size of arms + hands. Heat loss is completely different (flow of relatively cold water keeps you cool)

Question 5

What does densitometry do?

Answer 5

Measurement FM and FFM from body volume:
(direct) measurement:
under water weighing,
air displacement (bodpod)

Density = BM/volume

Question 6

Skinfolds: underestimate bodyfat% with in/decreasing size

Answer 6

increasing

Question 7

DEXA: measurement of..
By..

Answer 7

bone mineral (direct), fat mass/lean mass: indirect

Differential absorption of X-ray

Question 8

Bio-impedance =

Answer 8

Resistance of body when an alternating current is applied. Based on differences in electrical conductivity (impedance) of body compartments. Related to TBW

Question 9

BIA uses ….. to relate volume of conductive fluid to impedance index

Answer 9

regression models

Question 10

Limitations of two component models are the assumptions of density of FFM and hydration of FFM. This makes it unvalid in …..
Consequence?

Answer 10

children, pregnant women, elderly, categories of diseased/sportsmen

consequence: make less assumptions by using a multi-component model

Question 11

Limitation of the two-component model:

Excess muscle mass compared to the ‘normal’ population leads to X of fat mass using methods based on densitometry

Answer 11

overestimation

Question 12

Limitation of the two-component model:

Excess bone mass compared to the ‘normal’ population leads to X of fat mass using methods based on densitometry

Answer 12

underestimation

Question 13

Limitation of the two-component model:

Increased hydration compared to the ‘normal’ population leads to X of fat mass using methods based on densitometry

Answer 13

underestimation

Question 14

What are methods to assess skeletal muscle mass?

Answer 14

● Skeletal muscle metabolites
● Creatine dilution
● 3-D imaging technique: MRI en CT
● 2-D imaging technique: DEXA -> ASLT
● Anthropometry
● Bio-impedance

Question 15

Anthropometry is the ‘measurement of humans’. What is kinanthropometry?

Answer 15

Study of human size, shape, proportion, composition, .. in order to understand growth

Question 16

What is the somatotype?

Answer 16

overall appearance, bodyshape independent of body size

Question 17

Somatypes can be plotted on a chart, a somachart. Three body types on this chart are mesomorphy, endomorphy, ectomorphy. What is the difference?

Answer 17

Ectomorph = thin
Mesomorph = Lean
Endomorph = voller

Bouw

Question 18

As height increases, X increases disproportionally more, and X increases by an even greater amount

Answer 18

Area
Volume

Question 19

Why are marathon runners becoming smaller?

Answer 19

As size increases, the gain in body mass is greater than the gain in VO2 max. Thermoregulation is also more favorable in smaller subjects.