Exercise & health: immune & GI-function

Question 1

• Exercise induces what type of immune response?

Answer 1

biphasic response on immune parameters: increase followed by decrease upon stopping with exercise

Question 2

What happens during moderate vs high intensity exercise in regards to immune function/susceptibility to infection?

Answer 2

Moderate:

Up vaccine response
Down inflammation
Up ummine markers in disease

HI:

Down mucosal and cellular immunity
Up URTI symptoms
Down vaccin response

Question 3

Immune function of hi-exercise is compromised. But, what should be taken into account?

Answer 3

co-dependency on other factors (sleep, genetics, environment)

Question 4

The pattern of HI-exercise is similar to many clinical physical stressors.

Answer 4

ok

Question 5

Western States Endurance Run
- Highest IL-6 increase in 100 mile run
Il-6 is related to..

Answer 5

• Related to muscle damage (creatine kinase)

Question 6

 About one in four ultramarathoners reported URTI during the two-week period post-race, and a low X secretion rate mid-race best predicted URTI occurrence

Answer 6

sIgA
(antibody)

Question 7

What are four arguments against the statement that exercise can affect immune function to increase susceptibility to infection?

Answer 7

• Not all is (confirmed) infection with e.g. blood test
• Many other factors explain higher prevalence:
  1. crowds of people
  2. sleep disruption
  3. air travel
  4. pshychological stress
  5. altered diet
  6. genetics
• variability in response sIgA (= salivary IgA). (should also be measured alongside concentration)
• “open window”: lymphocytes leave circulation and go to the tissues. Shift in location, not in numbers. -> redistribution. (low IgA, change in immune parameters)

Question 8

What is a nutrient that is claimed to be immune-effective?

Answer 8

glutamine
Little support for using this as a strategy.

Question 9

What risk factors are associated with upper- and lower abdominal complaints?

Answer 9

Being female, Younger age a shorter running career and a higher training intensity

Question 10

Why do athletes often encounter gi problems?

Answer 10

● Increased intra-abdominal pressure
● Increased mechanical bouncing
● Decreased gastric emptying
● Decreased blood flow
● Increased intestinal permeability

Question 11

What are risk factors for an increased intestinal permeability?

Answer 11

● Prolonged, intense exercise (> 60min)
● Dehydration
● Heat
● NSAIDs.

Question 12

What is Severe GI tract problem: FDEIA?

Answer 12

• Food-dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA)
• Cereals, seafood, peanuts, eggs, milk. If they eat it straight after exercise: anaphylactic response
• Exercise  Increased permeability  passing through of larger molecules  allergic reaction / shock
• Very rare

Question 13

What are nutritional strategies to avoid GI problems in athletes?

Answer 13

• ● Avoid solid foods close to training/competition
• ● Fluid first priority?  CHO low
• ● Fluid & CHO priority?  Isotonic drink
• ● Low fiber meal before competition
• ● Stay hydrated
• ● No NSAIDs
• ● Try new dietary strategies @ training (not only at competition)