Energy availability

Question 1

Energy need formula?

Answer 1

1. Energy need = BMR * PAL  PAL = Physical Activity Level

Question 2

3. General EE (hrs beside exercise) formula?

Answer 2

= (BMR * PAL) x h/24

Question 3

4. Exercise EE(hours exercise) formula?

Answer 3

= (MET * BW) * h
BW= bodyweight

Question 4

There are different equations to calculate BMR, X is used by Dutch health counsil

Answer 4

Schofield equation

Question 5

ER = general EE (hours besides exercise) + exercise EE

Answer 5

ok

Question 6

What is the best technique to assess energy expenditure?

Answer 6

DLW

Question 7

Why is energy availability a better indication? vs balance

Answer 7

Energy Availability = (amount energy available for bodily functions after taking into account energy needed for physical activity).

Energy balance = energy intake compared to expenditure.

When there is insufficient energy intake compared with expenditure (negative EB), the energy balance will become better over time. This is however due to compensation of the body (you keep on doing the same activities).

Question 8

EB formula?

Answer 8

EB = EI - TEE

Question 9

EA formula?

Answer 9

9. EA = energy intake – (MET-PAL) *BW * h (=additional exercise EE) (per kg FFM)

LET OP je kijkt alleen naar additional energy expended above that of daily living during the exercise bout. EN kijk naar kg/FFM!

Question 10

LEA: low energy availability
= EI insufficient to support EE required for health, function, daily living after taking into account the extra energy cost for exercise and sports.

What is a consequence of this?

Answer 10

Consequence of reduction in EI or increased exercise load = Reduction in BMR to reduce total EE. Hormonal, metabolic, functional.
–> Key concept of RED-S syndrome.

Question 11

What can cause LEA (low energy availability) in sports?

Answer 11

• High EE
• Reduced appetite after exercise
• No increase Ghrelin
• Increase in anorexigenic hormones
• Disordered eating (pattern)
• Eating disorders (disorder): can become an obsession

Question 12

What sports-specific mental factors can cause an eating disorder?

Answer 12

● Weight pressure; performance pressure, sudden increase in training volume, injury, teammate modelling of eating disorder behaviors and team weigh-ins.
● A desire to be leaner to enhance performance / (perceived) performance advantage of weightloss
● coach–athlete relationship (high conflict and low support).
● perfectionism, competitiveness, pain tolerance

Question 13

Recall three risk sports for eating disorders

Answer 13

1. Aesthetic sports
2. Weight-class sports (weighing moment)
3. Endurance sports (thin will win)

Question 14

Recall the ranges of EA

Answer 14

1. > 45 kcal/kgFFM/day = gain of body mass/glycogen loading
2. ~45 kcal/kgFFM/day = maintenance body size and mass focus on skill development
3. 30-45 kcal/kgFFM/day = loss of body mass/fat
4. <30 kcal/kgFFM/day = LEA

Question 15

What are methodological issues of EA?

Answer 15

• Energy intake (not reliable)
• FFM
• Exercise energy expenditure
• Interaction of other dietary characteristics

Question 16

What is the RED-S ?

Answer 16

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports:

• RED-S refers to impaired physiological function including, but not limited to, metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, cardiovascular health caused by relative energy deficiency
• Males and females (-> female athlete triad)
• Can occur in presence of energy balance

Question 17

What is the treatment for RED-S?

Answer 17

 Increase EI, reduce exercise load
- rest day, energy rich supplements
 BMD (bone mineral density): calcium and vit increase
 Psychological factor: mental health professional

Question 18

What is the ‘female athlete triad’?

Answer 18

The combination of
1. disordered eating
2. Irregular menstrual cycles

eventually leading to a decrease in endogenous estrogen and other hormones, resulting in
3. Low bone mineral density (BMD)