Ergogenics 2 Flashcards
Testosterone
- Normally produced by Leydig cells in testes
- Converted to X, which is responsible for many of the responses to testosterone in the urogenital tract (e.g. prostate gland hyperplasia).
- In muscle, X is active
Binds to-, and activates a X
5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
T (and not DHT)
single androgen receptor (AR)
What can happen if too high dosages of testosterone are used?
- No anabolics are absolutely selective for anabolic effects, especially because very high doses are used. This can cause serious and irreversible organ damage.
More aggressive with testosterone
What are side-effects in males vs females?
Males: testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, prostate + breast enlargement
Females: breast regression, masculinization, menstrual disruption in women
How can testosterone be detected?
- GC (or LC) mass spectrometry
- Endogenous testosterone : isotope ratio: to see a difference if you add a little bit extra testosterone (for example). Carbon backbone is often a bit different of testosterone added
- Indirect : T/E ratio (not explained)
What are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) and why are they sometimes used as testosterone-replacement?
- Enhanced tissue selectivity
- Bind to the androgen receptor (AR) with affinity similar to testosterone, but exhibit only partial agonist properties in androgenic tissue.
Cannot be detected by testosterone/steroid tests, because it is not a steroid.
What is DHEA?
Precursor of androgens/estrogens
- Borderline between supplement and anabolic, but use in sports = forbidden
* Very popular and widely available!
What are beta-agonists?
- Selectively stimulate the sympatic nervous system (increasing cycling AMP)
- Therapeutically in use for symptomatic relief in Asthma
What do beta-agnosists have as effects?
Increase muscle formation- and strength,
Decrease fat tissue,
bronchodilation, and more
But also: skeletal muscle tremor
Beta-blockers: what are they? For what sports are they forbidden?
Beta-blockers (selective β1 –blockers and [less favourable] non- selective β1/β2 ) are drugs for use angina pectoris (maintenance), hypertension etc
Forbidden in-competition for certain disciplines
* Archery (also out-of-competition)
* Gymnastics
* etc (see WADA list)
Human GH: what does it help with? Is it easy to detect?
Proven to increase lipolysis and blood glucose levels
Changes in muscle mass and strength are found in some studies
–> Difficult to detect synthetic from natural in drug testing
What are two risks of GH?
- Can cause acromegaly (bone thickening), enlargement of internal organs, muscle and joint weakness, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease
- In the past (?) : contaminated
What does EPO do?
- Epo stimulates formation of RBC -> more capacity to transport oxygen.
- Same as training at high altitude or blood doping
- Viscosity of blood increases: could be disadvantage
What do AMPK-stimulators do?
- Stimulate muscle growth, as it improves metabolism
- Gives stimulus of exercise
Recall some masking agents
- diuretics
- probenecis (inhibits excretion of some compounds by the kidneys)
- Plasma expanders
-Proteases (to reduce concentration protein drug)
What are some supplements in the grey area of food supplements and doping?
➢ Increase energy, endurance, reduce mental fatigue, increase fat usage
➢ Amphetamines
➢ Caffeine (not banned)
➢ Synephrine
➢ Ephedrine (depending on concentration)
➢ Smart Pills
Ritalin [methylphenidate], Provigil [modafinil], Adderall [amphetamine]
High school & college students using to gain an “edge” for academic studies
Are narcotics forbidden in-competition? (pijnstillers)
Yes some
Glucocorticoids (Glucocorticoids are powerful medicines that fight inflammation and work with your immune system to treat wide range of health problems.) forbidden?
Yes
What anticipating doping is already banned?
Anticipating: gene doping is already banned
