Ergogenics 2 Flashcards
Testosterone
- Normally produced by Leydig cells in testes
- Converted to X, which is responsible for many of the responses to testosterone in the urogenital tract (e.g. prostate gland hyperplasia).
- In muscle, X is active
Binds to-, and activates a X
5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
T (and not DHT)
single androgen receptor (AR)
What can happen if too high dosages of testosterone are used?
- No anabolics are absolutely selective for anabolic effects, especially because very high doses are used. This can cause serious and irreversible organ damage.
More aggressive with testosterone
What are side-effects in males vs females?
Males: testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, prostate + breast enlargement
Females: breast regression, masculinization, menstrual disruption in women
How can testosterone be detected?
- GC (or LC) mass spectrometry
- Endogenous testosterone : isotope ratio: to see a difference if you add a little bit extra testosterone (for example). Carbon backbone is often a bit different of testosterone added
- Indirect : T/E ratio (not explained)
What are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) and why are they sometimes used as testosterone-replacement?
- Enhanced tissue selectivity
- Bind to the androgen receptor (AR) with affinity similar to testosterone, but exhibit only partial agonist properties in androgenic tissue.
Cannot be detected by testosterone/steroid tests, because it is not a steroid.
What is DHEA?
Precursor of androgens/estrogens
- Borderline between supplement and anabolic, but use in sports = forbidden
* Very popular and widely available!
What are beta-agonists?
- Selectively stimulate the sympatic nervous system (increasing cycling AMP)
- Therapeutically in use for symptomatic relief in Asthma
What do beta-agnosists have as effects?
Increase muscle formation- and strength,
Decrease fat tissue,
bronchodilation, and more
But also: skeletal muscle tremor
Beta-blockers: what are they? For what sports are they forbidden?
Beta-blockers (selective β1 –blockers and [less favourable] non- selective β1/β2 ) are drugs for use angina pectoris (maintenance), hypertension etc
Forbidden in-competition for certain disciplines
* Archery (also out-of-competition)
* Gymnastics
* etc (see WADA list)
Human GH: what does it help with? Is it easy to detect?
Proven to increase lipolysis and blood glucose levels
Changes in muscle mass and strength are found in some studies
–> Difficult to detect synthetic from natural in drug testing
What are two risks of GH?
- Can cause acromegaly (bone thickening), enlargement of internal organs, muscle and joint weakness, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease
- In the past (?) : contaminated
What does EPO do?
- Epo stimulates formation of RBC -> more capacity to transport oxygen.
- Same as training at high altitude or blood doping
- Viscosity of blood increases: could be disadvantage
What do AMPK-stimulators do?
- Stimulate muscle growth, as it improves metabolism
- Gives stimulus of exercise
Recall some masking agents
- diuretics
- probenecis (inhibits excretion of some compounds by the kidneys)
- Plasma expanders
-Proteases (to reduce concentration protein drug)
What are some supplements in the grey area of food supplements and doping?
➢ Increase energy, endurance, reduce mental fatigue, increase fat usage
➢ Amphetamines
➢ Caffeine (not banned)
➢ Synephrine
➢ Ephedrine (depending on concentration)
➢ Smart Pills
Ritalin [methylphenidate], Provigil [modafinil], Adderall [amphetamine]
High school & college students using to gain an “edge” for academic studies
