Key facts (1920-45) Flashcards
What was Hardings policy?
- return to normalcy
- laissez faire
- isolationism
what was the budget and accounting act by Harding?
reduced budget from 5 billion to 3 billion in 2 years
what did Harding cut taxes to?
from 73% to 25% (post war boom)
what was the teapot dome scandal?
Albert fall found to have sold off contracts for federal oil reserves and accepted bribes from highest bidder
What was Coolidge’s policy?
- isolationist and restrict immigration
- didn’t interfere but supported big business and oversaw economic boom
What did US debt decrease to Under Mellon (Harding presidency)?
from 27 billion to 17 billon in 1929
why was hoover unpopular?
- bonus marchers
- laissez faire attitude was very bad during depression
- too little too late
when and what was the Hawley Smoot tariff act?
1930 increased tariffs (encourage US goods but massively reduced foreign trade)
what was the AAA in 1933?
- to stop over production
- 10.5 million acres of crop ploughed over
- 6 million piglets killed
- farm income rose from, 4.5 billion in 32 to 6.9 billion in 35
what was the TVA in 1933?
- harnessed power of Tennessee river
- built 20- dams
- stopped soil erosion and hydro-electicity
what was the 1933 emergency banking relief act?
gave treasury power to investigate banks in order to restore confidence
(get people putting money back in banks)
what was the 1933 Glass steagall act?
increased regulation of the banks
only certain banks can invest in stocks and deposits were insured
what was the 1933 NRA?
- help industrial recovery
- temporary lift of anti trust measures
- codes of practice like high wage (few successful)
what was the 1933 PWA?
- public works to boost economy
- $3.3 billion spent
- 13,000 schools and 50,000 miles fo road (lots of jobs)
what was the 1933 Federal relief act?
- $500 million to states for welfare for unemployment
what was the 1933 CCC?
- for unemployed 17-24
- planted 1.3 billion trees
what was the WPA in 1935?
- recruited for public works projects
- employed 2 million by 1941 (wages lower than industry)
what was the 1935 Wagner act?
- workers rights to collective bargaining
- increased rights to unions
what was the 1935 social security act?
- pensions (after 1940)
- unemployment benefits with max of $18 for 16 weeks
what was the 1935 banking act?
- banks centralised
- control moved from NY to Washington (now under government control)
when and what was the Fordney Mccumber Tariff act?
1922
- raised taxes to highest ever level
what did wages increase by between 1923 and 1929?
8%
how did advertising develop in the 20’s?
became a scenic where advert tailored to specific people
what were car production times in 1913 and 1920?
a car every 3 minutes in 1913 and every 10 seconds in 1920
how many cars were there by the end of the 20’s?
4.5 million
how many shares were trade in 1926 and 1929?
451 million and 1.1 billion
how many people were still below poverty line in the boom?
40%
how many farmers were in poverty by 1928?
50%
what did over production after ww1 do to the price of wheat?
dropped from $2.5 to $1 for a bushel
how many banks were there in the 20’s?
30,000 (lots od small banks)
not well regulated meant they couldn’t deal with withdrawals during crash
how many shares were from borrowed money by 1929?
75% (created artificially high prices - everyone in debt)
what did unemployment increase to during the depression?
from 3.2% in 1929 to 25.2% in 1933
who was unemployment worse for during the depression?
- unemployment 4x higher for blacks
- also much higher for women
how many were homeless in 1932?
2 million
what did the dust bowl cause in the 20’s?
1 million to leave and and come to city looking for work
what was unemployment after the new deal?
18 million in 1933
9 million in 1939
(no unemployment in 1942)
when and what was Roosevelts recession?
1937
- another recession after FDR reduce gov spending
what was debt in 1941 and 1945?
$41 billion and $260 billion
what did farm income increase by during ww2?
250%
when did women get the vote?
1920 19th amendment
what did female employment increase to In the 20’s?
increase by 2 million between 1920 and 1930
when did Sanger create American birth control league?
1921
how many women were domestic servants?
700,000
what was the 1933 economy act bad for women?
- forbade members of sae family working for gov
- 75% of those who lost job were women
why were NRA codes and CCC bad for women?
- codes allowed unequal pay
- CC bared women (8000 work in admin roles)
how many jobs were killed by men in 1940?
90%
how many women entered too workforce in 1944?
6.5 million
how many women were unemployed by end of the war?
60%
how many women served in WW2?
350,000
how many black moved north during WW1?
400,000
how many black served in army in ww1?
300,000
howe many members did the KKK have in 1920 and 1925?
100,000 and 5 million
how many blacks did the CCC employ?
200,000 out of 2.75 million employees
when were the armed forces desegregated?
1948
when and what was the fair employment practices committee (FEPC)?
1941
prevent discrimination at work
what was the 1921 immigration quota act?
number of immigrants allowed was 3% of their population in 1910
what was the 1924 national origins act?
immigration was 2% of 1890 population
when was the Sacco Vanzetti case showing discrimination to Italian immigrants?
1920
how many Japanese and German immigrants were rounded up because of ww2?
- 2000 Japanese (detention centres)
- 14,000 germans
what foreign policy did America want after WW1?
- mainly isolationist
- focus on trade interests in far east
what did a 1937 poll of WW1 show?
- 70% thought WW1 was mistake
- 95% didn’t want involvement in future wars
when and what was the Washington conference?
1922
- Japan, UK, US, France agree to respect interests in china and limit arms (no enforcement)
when and what was the Kellog Braid pact?
- 1928
- 15 countries agree not to wage war unless in self defence
when and what was the Dawes and young plan?
1924
- Germany given loan of 800 million marks
- young scale down repayments to 26 billion over 59 years
what did investment in Latin America increase to between 1924-29?
doubled to 3 billion
how many countries in Latin America did General Electric control?
8 by 1923
how many troops were sent to the 1926 Nicaragua civil war?
5000
what was the 1930’s good neighbour policy?
US troops left Haiti, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua
when and what was the treaty that nullified the 1901 platt amendment?
- reversed US occupation of Cuba
- kept Guantanamo bay
when and what were the neutrality acts?
- 1935-37
- wouldn’t trade and give loans to countries at war
- wouldn’t trade with warring Spanish sides
- gave president power to chose who to trade with
when and what was the Panay incident?
1937
- USS Panay sunk by Japanese warship
- US accept compensation - don’t want another war
when and what was the lend lease scheme?
- march 1941
- lend arms and supplies to countries whose defence helps America (Britain and Russia)
when did German U boat attack American ships and how did lead to US entry to WW2?
- October 1941
- US ship sunk killing 126 Americans
- neutrality acts repealed so merchants ships armed themselves
how did Japans actions lead to US joining WW2?
- 1931 Japan invades china breaking league of nations
- Japan took advantage of 1937 Chinese civil war
- US lend $250 million to china
- US close Panama Canal and ban oil exports to Japan in 1940
which countries did Nazis occupy by 1940?
- Norway, holland, Denmark, Belgium, france
