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Behavioral Sciences > Kaplan Cards > Flashcards

Kaplan Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the process of taking advantage of reflexive responses to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned response

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2
Q

Adaptation

A

In perception, a decrease in stimulus perception after a long duration of exposure; in learning, the process by which new information is processed; consists of assimilation and accommodation

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3
Q

Adaptive Value

A

The extent to which a trait benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species

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4
Q

Aggression

A

A behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase relative social dominance; can be physical or verbal

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5
Q

Alertness

A

State of consciousness in which one is aware, able to think, and able to repsond to the environment; nearly synonymous with arousal

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6
Q

Aligning Actions

A

An impression management strategy in which one makes questionable behavior acceptable through excuses

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7
Q

Alter-Casting

A

An impression management strategy in which one imposes an identity onto another person

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8
Q

Altrusim

A

A form of helping behavior in which the intent is to benefit someone else as a cost to oneself

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9
Q

Anomie

A

A state of normlessness; anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation

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10
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Disorders that involve worry, unease, fear, and apprehension about future uncertainties based on real or imagined events that can impair physical and psychological health

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11
Q

Appraisal Model

A

A similar theory to the basic model, accepting that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experiences; accepts that there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression

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12
Q

Amygdala

A

A portion of the limbic system that is important for memory and emotion, especially fear

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13
Q

Archetype

A

In Jungian psychanalysis, a thought or image that has an emotional element and is a part of the collective unconscious

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14
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

A bundle of axons that connects Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area. Damage causes conduction aphasia, characterized by the inability to repeat words with intact spontaneous speech production and comprehension

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15
Q

Arousal

A

A psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli; nearly synonympus with alertness

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16
Q

Assimilation

A

In psychology, the process by which new information is interpreted in terms of existing schemata; in sociology, the process by which the behavior and culture of a group or an individual begins to merge with that of another group

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17
Q

Arousal Theory

A

A theory of motivation that states that there is a particular level of arousal required in order to perform actions optimally; summarized by the Yerkes-Dodson law

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18
Q

Attitude

A

A tendency toward expression of positve or negative feelings or evaluations of a person, place, thing, or situation

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19
Q

Attachment

A

A very deep emotional bond to another person, particularly a parent or caregiver

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20
Q

Associative Learning

A

The process by which a connection is made between 2 stimuli or a stimulus and a response; examples include classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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21
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

The alignment of physiological processes with the 24-hour day, including sleep-wake cycles and some elements of the endocrine system

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22
Q

Cerebrum

A

A portion of the brain that contains the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia

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23
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outermost layer of the cerbrum, responsible for complex perceptual, behavioral, and cognitive processes

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24
Q

Cerebellum

A

A portion of the hindbrain that maintains posture and balance and coordinates body movements

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25
Q

Catatonia

A

Disorganized motor behavior characterized by various unusual physical movements or stillness

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26
Q

Canon-Bard Theory

A

A theory of emotion that states that a stimulus is first received and is then simultaneously processed physiologically and cognitively, allowing for the conscious emotion to be experiences

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27
Q

Bystander Effect

A

The observation that, when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

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28
Q

Broca’s Area

A

A brain region located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe; largely responsible for the motor function of speech. Damage causes Broca’s aphasia, a loss of the motor function of speech, resulting in intact understanding with an inability to correctly produce spoken langage

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29
Q

Brainstem

A

The most primitive portion of the brain, which includes the midbrain and hindbrain; controls the autonomic nervous system and communication between the spinal cord, cranial nerves, and brain

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30
Q

Beneficence

A

The ethical tenet that a physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interest

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31
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A portion of the forebrain that coordinates muscle movement and routes information from the cortex to the brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

Back Stage

A

In the dramaturgical approach, the setting where players are free from their role requirements and not in front of the audience; back stage behaviors may not be deemed appropriate or acceptable and are thus kept invisible from the audience

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33
Q

Avoidance

A

A form of negative reinforcement in which one eschews the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

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34
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

A shortcut in decision making that relies on the information that is most readily available, rather than the total body of information on a subject

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35
Q

Autonomy

A

The ethical tenet that the physician has the responsibility to respect patients’ choices about their own healthcare

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36
Q

Attribution Theory

A

A theory that focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

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37
Q

Attribute Substitution

A

A phenomenon observed when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or perception

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38
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new information

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39
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system

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40
Q

Circular Reaction

A

A repetitive action that achieves a desired response; seen during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

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41
Q

Diencephalon

A

A portion of the embryonic forebrain that becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland

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42
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

The guide by which most psychological disorders are characterized, described, and diagnosed; currently in its 5th edition

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43
Q

Deviance

A

The violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

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44
Q

Depressive Episode

A

A period of at least 2 weeks in which there is a prominent and persistent depressed mood or lack of interest and at least 4 other depressive symptoms

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45
Q

Demographics

A

The statistical arm of sociology, which attempts to charcaterize and explain populations by quantitative analysis

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46
Q

Delusions

A

Fixed, false beliefs that are discordant with reality and not shared by ones’ culture, but are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary

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47
Q

Demographic Transition

A

The transition from high birth and mortality rates to lower birth and mortality rates, seen as a country develops from a preindustrial to an industrialized economic system

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48
Q

Deindividuation

A

The idea that people will lose a sense of self-awareness and can act dramatically differently based on the influence of a group

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49
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

A technique used by the ego that denies, falsifies, or distorts reality in order to resolve anxiety caused by undesirable urges of the id and superego

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50
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The recognition that social groups and cultures must be studied on their own terms to be understood

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51
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

A form of cognition that starts with general information and narrows down that information to create a conlusion

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52
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Cognitive capacity to understand relationships or solve problems using information acquired furing schooling and other experiences

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53
Q

Critical Period

A

A time during development during which exposure to language is essential for eventual development of effective use of language; between 2 years of age and puberty

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54
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A

A theory that states that people pay closer attention to intentional behavior than accidental behavior when making attributions, especially if the behavior is unexpected

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55
Q

Context Effect

A

A retrieval cue by which memory is aided when a person is the location where encoding took place

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56
Q

Conservation

A

Concept seen in quantitative analysis performed by a child; develops when a child is able to identify the difference between quantity by number and actual amount, especially when faced with identical quantities separated into varying pieces

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57
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of oneself; can be used to describe varying levels of awareness that occur with wakefulness, sleep, dreaming, and drug-induced states

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58
Q

Conformity

A

The changing of beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society

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59
Q

Conflict Theory

A

A theoretical framework that emphasizes the role of power differentials in producing social order

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60
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

A cognitive bias in which one focuses on information that supports a given solution, belief, or hypothesis and ignores evidence against it

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61
Q

Fixation

A

In Freudian psychoanalysis, the result of overindulgence or frustration during a psychosexual stage; causes a neurotic pattern of personality based on that stage

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62
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

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63
Q

Escape

A

A form of negative reinforcement in which one reduces the unpleasantness of something that already exists

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64
Q

Errors of Growth

A

Misuse of grammar characterized by universal application of a rule, regardless of exceptions; seen in children during language development

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65
Q

Encoding

A

The process of receiving info and preparing it for storage; can be automatic or effortful

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66
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

The association of info in short-term memory to info alreadys tored in long-term memory; aids in long-term storage

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67
Q

Elaboration Liklihood Model

A

A theory in which attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of informational processing based on the degree of deep thought given to persuasive info

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68
Q

Egocentrism

A

Self-centered view of the world in which one is not necessarily able to understand the experience of another person; seen in Piaget’s preoperational stage

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69
Q

Ego

A

In Freudian psychoanalysis, the part of the unconscious mind that mediates the urges of the id and superego; operates under the reality principle

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70
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

A theory that explains motivation as being based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable internal states

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71
Q

Dramatutgical Approach

A

Impression management theory that represents the world as a stage and individuals as actors performing to an audience

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72
Q

Divided Attention

A

The ability to attend to multiple stimuli simultaneously and to perform multiple tasks at the same time

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73
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Disorders that involve a perceived separation from identity or the environment

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74
Q

Displacement

A

A defense mechanism by which undesired urges are transferred from one target to another, more acceptable one

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75
Q

Dishabituation

A

A sudden increase in response to a stimulus, usually due to a change in the stimulus or the addition of another stimulus; sometimes called resensitization

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76
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning, the process by which 2 similar but distinct conditioned stimuli produce different responses; in sociology, when individuals of a particular group are treated differently from others based on their group

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77
Q

Disconfirmation Principle

A

Idea that states that if evidence obtained during testing does not confirm a hypothesis, then the hypothesis is discarded or revised

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78
Q

Compliance

A

A change of behavior of an individual at the request of another

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79
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

In Jungian psychoanalysis, the part of the unconscious mind that is shared among all humans and is a result of our common ancestry

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80
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

The simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions

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81
Q

Heuristic

A

A rule of thumb or shortcut that is used to make decisions

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82
Q

Halo Effect

A

A cognitive bias in which judgements of an individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual

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83
Q

Hallucinations

A

Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality; drugs that cause hallucinations, such as LSD or psilocybin-containing mushrooms, are termed hallucinogenics

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84
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in response caused by repeated exposure to a stimulus

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85
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

Ways for the brain to infer missing parts of an image when the image is incomplete

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86
Q

Group Polarization

A

The tendency to ward decisions that are more extreme than the individual thoughts of the group members

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87
Q

Groupthink

A

The tendency for groups to make decision based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas and ethics; based on pressure to conform and remain loyal to the group

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88
Q

Generalization

A

In classical conditioning, the process by which 2 distinct but similar stimuli come to produce the same response

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89
Q

Gemeinschaft anf Gesellschaft

A

Theory that distinguishes between 2 major types of groups: communities (Gemeinschaft), which share beliefs, ancestry, or geography; and society (Gesellschaft), which work together toward a common goal

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90
Q

Game Theory

A

A model that explains social interaction and decision making as a game, including strategies, incentives, and punishments

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91
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The general bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational atrributions when analyzing another person’s behavior

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92
Q

Functionalism

A

A theoretical framework that explains how parts of society fit together to create a cohesive whole

93
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

The inability to identify uses for an object beyind its usual purpose

94
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

A portion of the cerebral cortex that controls motor processing, executive function, and the integration of cognitive and behavioral processes

95
Q

Front Stage

A

In the dramaturgical approach, the setting where players are in front of an audience and perform roles that are in keeping with the image they hope to project about themselves

96
Q

Forebrain

A

A portion of the brain that is associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes such as emotiona and memory

97
Q

Foraging

A

The act of searching for and exploiting food resources

98
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Ability to quickly identify relationships and connection, and then use those relationships and connections to make correct deductions

99
Q

Extinction

A

In classical conditioning, the decrease in response resulting from repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus

100
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus such that the neutral stimulus alone produces the same response as the unconditioned stimulus; the neutral stimulus thus becomes a conditioned stimulus. Contrast with operant conditioning

101
Q

Parallel Processing

A

The ability to simultaneously analyze and combine info regarding multiple aspects of a stimulus, such as color, shape, and motion

102
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A form of associative learning in which the frequency of a behavior is modified using reinforcement or punishment. Contrast with classical conditioning

103
Q

Opponent - Process Theory

A

A theory that states that the body will adapt to counteract repeated exposure to stimuli, such as seeing afterimages or ramping up the sympathetic nervous system in response to a depressant

104
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

A portion of the cerebral cortex that controls visual processing

105
Q

Observational Learning

A

A form of learning in which behavior is modified as a result of watching others

106
Q

Object Permanence

A

Knowledge that an object does not cease to exist even when the object cannot be seen; a milestone in cognitive development

107
Q

Obedience

A

The changing of behavior of an individual based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure

108
Q

Non - Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep

A

Stages 1 through 4 of sleep; contains ever-slowing brain waves as one gets deeper into sleep

109
Q

Norms

A

Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

110
Q

Neuropsychology

A

The study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain

111
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

The ethical tenet that a physician has a responsibility to avoid interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit

112
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Change in neural connections casued by learning or a response to injury

113
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by a lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep; also involves cataplext and hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations

114
Q

Network

A

A term used to describe the observable pattern of social relationships among individual units of analysis

115
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

A phenomenon in which memories are altered by misleading information provided at the point of encoding or recall

116
Q

Interference

A

A retrieval error caused by the learning of info; can be proactive (old info casuses difficulty learning new info) or retroactive (new info interferes with older learning)

117
Q

James - Lange Theory

A

A theory of emotions that states that a stimulus results in physiological arousal, which then leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is consciously experienced

118
Q

Just - Noticeable Difference (jnd)

A

The minimum difference in magnitude between 2 stimuli before one can perceive this difference; also called a difference threshold

119
Q

Just - World Hypothesis

A

The cognitive bias that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

120
Q

Justice

A

In medical ethics, the tenet that the physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care and to distribute healthcare resources fairly

121
Q

Learning (Behaviorist) Theory

A

A theory that attitudes are developed through forms of learning (direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning)

122
Q

Locus of Control

A

The characterization of the source of influences on the events in one’s life; can be internal or external

123
Q

Limbic System

A

A portion of the cerebrum that is associated with emotion and memory; includes the amygdala and hippocampus

124
Q

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis suggesting that one’s perception of reality is largely determined by the content, form, and structure of language; also known as the Whorfian hypothesis

125
Q

Managing Appearances

A

An impression management strategy in which one uses props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image

126
Q

Long - Term Potentiation

A

The strengthening of neural connections due to rehearsal or relearning; thought to be the neurophysiological basis of long-term memory

127
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repetition of a piece of info to either keep it within working memory or store it

128
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory that requires conscious recall, divided into facts (semantic) and experiences (episodic); also known as declarative memory

129
Q

Master Status

A

A status with which a person is most identified

130
Q

Manic Episode

A

A period of at least one week with prominent and persistent elevated or expansive mood and at least 2 other manic symptoms

131
Q

Melatonin

A

A serotonin derivative secreted by the pineal gland that is associated with sleepiness

132
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

A portion of the brainstem that regulates vital functions, including breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

133
Q

Material Culture

A

The physical items one associates with a given cultural group

134
Q

Mental Set

A

A tendency to repeat solutions that have yielded positive results at some time in the past

135
Q

Midbrain

A

A portion of the brainstem that manages sensorimotor reflexes to visual and auditory stimuli and gives rise to some cranial nerves

136
Q

Punishment

A

In operant conditioning, the use of an aversive stimulus designed to decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior

137
Q

Proprioception

A

The ability to tell where one’s body is in space

138
Q

Projection Area

A

A portion of the cerebral cortex that analyzes sensory input

139
Q

Projection

A

A defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others

140
Q

Priming

A

A retrieval cue by which recall is aided by a word or phrase that is semantically related to the desired memory

141
Q

Role

A

A set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations of behaviors associated with a given status

142
Q

Ritual

A

A formalized ceremony that usually involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behavior

143
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of demonstrating that info has been retained in memory; includes recall, recognition, and relearning

144
Q

Response Bias

A

The tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors

145
Q

Repression

A

A defense mechanism by which the ego forces undesired thoughts and urges into the unconscious mind

146
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

A shortcut in decision making that relies on categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit in the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category

147
Q

Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning, the use of a stimulus designed to increase the frequency of a desired behavior

148
Q

Regression

A

A defense mechanism by which an individual deals with stress by reverting to an earlier developmental state

149
Q

Recognition - Primed Decision Model

A

A decision-making model in which experience and recognition of similar situations one has already experienced play a large role in decision making and actions; also one of the explaination for the experience of intuition

150
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

In the social cognitive perspective, the notion that toughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment interact to determine behavior in a given situation

151
Q

Recency Effect

A

The phenomenon in which the most recent info we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressions

152
Q

Reaction Formation

A

A defense mechanism by which individuals suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites

153
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

A measure of reproductive success; depends on the number of offspring an individual has, how well they support their offspring, and how well their offspring can support others

154
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time; usually, new cases per 1000 at-risk people per year

155
Q

Impression Management

A

Behaviors that are intended to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object, or event

156
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

A theory that states that people tend to associate traits and behavior in others, and that people have the tendency to attribute their own beliefs, opinions, and ideas onto others

157
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Memory that does not require conscious recall; consists of skills and conditioned behaviors

158
Q

Identity

A

A part of an individual’s self-concept based on the groups to which that person belongs and his or her relationships to others

159
Q

Id

A

In Freudian-psychoanalysis, the part of the unconscious resulting from basic, instinctual urges for sexuality and survival; operates under the pleasure principle and seeks instant gratification

160
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A portion of the forebrain that controls homeostatic and endocrine functions by controlling the release of pituitary hormones

161
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A psychotic disorder characterized by gross distortions of reality and disturbances in the content and form of thought, perception, and behavior

162
Q

Schema

A

An organized pattern of thought and behavior; one of the central concepts of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

163
Q

Schachter - Singer Theory

A

A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced

164
Q

Prevalence

A

The number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time; usually, cases per 1000 people per year

165
Q

Primacy Effect

A

The phenomenon of first impressions of a person being more important than subsequent impressions

166
Q

Poverty

A

A socioeconomic condition of low resource availability; in the United States, the poverty line is determined by the government’s calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life

167
Q

Prejudice

A

An irrationally based positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, formed prior to actual experience

168
Q

Pons

A

A portion of the brainstem that relays info between the cortex and medulla, regulates sleep, and carries some motor and sensory info from the head and neck

169
Q

Hippocampus

A

A portion of the limbic system that is important for memory and learning

170
Q

Hypnosis

A

An altered state of consciousness in which a person appears to be awake but is, in fact, in a highly suggestible state in which another person or event may trigger actions by the person

171
Q

Hindbrain

A

A portion of the brain that controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes

172
Q

Rationalization

A

A defense mechanism by which individuals explain undesirable behaviors in a way that is self-justifying and socially acceptable

173
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Disorders that involve patterns of behavior that are inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired function in at least 2 of the following: cognition, emotion, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control

174
Q

Pineal Gland

A

A brain structure located near the thalamus that secretes melatonin

175
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

A portion of the cerebral cortex that controls somatosensory and spatial processing

176
Q

Ingratiation

A

An impression management strategy that uses flattery to increase social acceptance

177
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

A form of cognition that utilizes generalizations to develop a theory

178
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

The tendency of animals to resist learning when a conditioned behavior conflicts with the animal’s instinctive behaviors

179
Q

Intelligence Quotient

A

Numerical measurement of intelligence, usually accomplished by some form of standardized testing

180
Q

Intuition

A

Perceptions about a situation that may or may not be supported by available evidence but are nonetheless perceived as info that may be used to make a decision

181
Q

Social Construction Model of Emotion

A

A theory of emotional expression that assumes there are no biologically wired emotions; rather, they are based on experiences and situational context alone

182
Q

Storage

A

The retention of encoded info; divided into sensory, short-term, and long-term memory

183
Q

Stimulus

A

Any energy pattern that is sensed in some way by the body; includes visual, auditory, and physical sensations, among others

184
Q

Stigma

A

The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences in social characteristics from the rest of society

185
Q

Stereotypes

A

Attitudes and impressions that are made based on limited and superficial info about a person or a group of individuals

186
Q

Spacing Effect

A

The phenomenon of retaining larger amounts of information when the amount of time between sessions of relearning is increased

187
Q

Source Amnesia

A

A memory error by which a person remembers the details of an event but confuses the context by which the details were gained; often causes a person to remember events that happened to someone else as having happened to him or herself

188
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleep disorder in which one carries out actions in his or her sleep; also called sleepwalking

189
Q

Somatosensation

A

The sens of “touch” which contains multiple modalities: pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature

190
Q

Social Perception

A

Understanding the thoughts and motives of other people present in the social world; aslo referred to as social cognition

191
Q

Social Movements

A

Philosophies that drive large numbers of people to organize to promote or resist social change

192
Q

Social Mobiility

A

The movement of individuals in the social hieararchy through changes in income, education, or occupation

193
Q

Social Facilitation

A

The tendency to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around

194
Q

Social Constructionism

A

A theoretical approach that uncovers the ways in which individuals and groups participate in the formation of their perceived social reality

195
Q

Social Capital

A

The investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards

196
Q

Social Action

A

Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

197
Q

Slow-Wave Sleep

A

Consists of NREM sleep stages 3 and 4; also called delta-wave sleep

198
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Sleep disorder in which a person may cease to breathe while sleeping; may be due to obstruction or a central (neurological) cause

199
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

A

Sleep stage in which the eyes move rapidly back and forth and physiological arousal levels are more similar to wakefulness than sleep; dreaming occurs during this stage

200
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

A theory of perception in which internal (psycholgical) and external (environemental) context both play a role in our perception of stimuli

201
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

Those skills which a child has not yet mastered but can accomplish with the help of a more knowledgeable other

202
Q

Subcultures

A

Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

203
Q

Sublimation

A

A defense mechanism by which unacceptable urges are transformed into socially acceptable behaviors

204
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

Perception of a stimulus below a threshold

205
Q

Superego

A

In Freudian psychoanalysis, the part of the unconscious mind focused on idealism, perfectionism, and societal norms

206
Q

Symbolic Culture

A

The nonmaterial culture that represents a group of people; expressed through ideas and concepts

207
Q

Symbolic Ethnicity

A

An ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and that does not impact everyday life

208
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

A theoretical framework that studies the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

209
Q

Syntax

A

The way in which words are organized to create meaning

210
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

A portion of the cerebral cortex that controls auditory processing, memory processing, emotional control, and language

211
Q

Thalamus

A

A portion of the forebrain that serves as a relay and sorting station for sensory info, and then transmits the info to the cerebral cortex

212
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The ability to sense how another’s mind works

213
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreased response to a drug after physiological adaptation

214
Q

Selective Attention

A

The ability to focus on a single stimulus even while other stimuli are occurring simultaneously

215
Q

Self-Disclosure

A

An aspect of interpersonal attraction or impression management in which one shares his or her fears, thoughts, and goals with another person in the jopes of being met with empathy and nonjudgement

216
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

The phenomenon of a stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype

217
Q

Self-Handicapping

A

An impression management strategy where one creates obstacles to avoid self-blame when he or she does not meet expectations

218
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

The idea that individuals will view their own success as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors

219
Q

Semantic Network

A

Organization of info in the brain by linking concepts with similar characteristics and meaning

220
Q

Sensation

A

Transduction of physical stimuli into neurological signals

221
Q

Sensitive Period

A

A time during which environmental input has a maximal impact on the development of a particular ability

222
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic) stimuli briefly stored in memory; fades very quickly unless attention is paid to the info

223
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The tendency to better remember items presented at the beginning or end of a list; related to the primary and recency effects

224
Q

Shaping

A

In operant conditioning, the process of conditioning a complex behavior by rewarding succesisve approximation of the behavior

225
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other stimuli to electrical signals in the nervous system

226
Q

Two-point Threshold

A

The minimum distance necessary between 2 points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as 2 distinct stimuli

227
Q

Universal Emotions

A

Emotions that are recognized by all cultures; includes happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, contempt, and surprise

228
Q

Weber’s Law

A

A theory of perception that states that there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a just-noticeable difference and the intensity of the original stimulus

229
Q

Wenicke’s Area

A

A brain region located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe; largely responsible for language comprehension. Damage causes Wenicke’s aphasia, a loss of language comprehension, resulting in fluid production of language without meaning

Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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