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Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 4 - Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

How our brains process and react to the incredible info overload presented to us

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2
Q

Dual - coding theory

A

Both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store info

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3
Q

Jean Piaget

A

One of the most influential figures in developmental psychology
- 4 stages of development

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4
Q

Schema

A

Concepts, behaviors, or a sequence of events

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5
Q

Assimilation

A

Process of classifying new info into existing schemata

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6
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new info

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7
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget stage
- birth to 2 years
- Manipulate environment to meet physical needs
- Coordinate sensory input with motor actions

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8
Q

Primary circular reactions

A

Repetitions of body movements that originally occurred by chance

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9
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

Manipulation focused on something outside the body

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10
Q

Object permanence

A

Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of view

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11
Q

Representational thought

A

Mental representations of external objects and events

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12
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Piaget stage
- 2 to 7 years

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13
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

Ability to pretend, have imagination

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14
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

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15
Q

Conservation

A

Understanding that physical amount remains the same, even if there is change in shape or appearance

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16
Q

Centration

A

Focus on only one aspect of phenomenon

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17
Q

Concrete Operational stage

A

Piaget stage
- 7 to 11 years
- Understand conservation
- Loss of egocentrism
- Engage in logical thought

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18
Q

Formal Operational stage

A

Piaget stage
- 11 + years
- Abstract concepts
- Problem solving
- Hypothetical reasoning

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19
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is children’s internalization of their culture

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20
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Solving new or novel problems
- peak early adulthood, decline with age

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21
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Solving problems using acquired knowledge
- Peaks middle adulthood, remains stable

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22
Q

Delirium

A

Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and has medical causes

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23
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

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24
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

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25
Q

Trial-and-Error

A

Various solutions are tried until one is found that seems to work

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26
Q

Algorithms

A

Formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem

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27
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Starts from a general set of rules and draws conclusions from info given

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28
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Create a theory of via generalizations

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29
Q

Heuristics

A

Simplified principles used to make decisions

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30
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Base liklihood of event on how easily examples of that event come to mind

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31
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Categorizing items based on whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representive image of the category

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32
Q

Base Rate Fallacy

A

Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring numerical info

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33
Q

Disconfirmation Principle

A

Evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution does not work; presence of confirmation bias may prevent individual from eliminating solution

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34
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to focus on info that fits an individual’s beliefs

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35
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Tendency for people to overestimate their ability to predict the outcome of events that already happened

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36
Q

Recognition-Primed Decision Model

A

Sorting through wide variety of info to match pattern

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37
Q

Multiple Intelligences

A
  • Howard Gardner
  • Linguistic, logical-mathematical,musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
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38
Q

Triarchic Theory

A
  • Robert Sternberg
  • Analytical, creative, and practical
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39
Q

Consciousness

A

One’s level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence

40
Q

Alertness

A

Awake and able to think
- Perceive, process, access, and verbalize info

41
Q

Physiological arousal

A

Physiological reactions such as increased heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and so on

42
Q

Beta waves

A

High frequency and occur when a person is alert or attending to a mental task

Pic

43
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Awake but relaxing with eyes closed

Pic

44
Q

Theta Waves

A

Occur during stage 1 sleep
- Irregular waveform

Pic

45
Q

Delta Waves

A

Occur during stage 3 sleep
- Low frequency and high voltage

Pic

46
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

A

Sleep stage with theta waves

47
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

Sleep stage with sleep spindles and K complexes

48
Q

Stage 3 Sleep

A

Sleep stage with delta waves
- Cognitive recovery
- Memory consolidation

49
Q

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)

A

Heart rate, breathing, and EEG mimic wakefulness, but individual is asleep
- Dreaming likely to occur in this stage

50
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Internally generated sleep and wake rhythms
- 24 hours

51
Q

Melatonin

A

Serotonin-drived hormone from pineal gland
- Reduction in light can cause release of this hormone
- Associated with sleepiness

52
Q

Activation - Synthesis Theory

A

Dreams caused by widespread random activation of nerual circuitry

53
Q

Problem - Solving Dream Theory

A

Dreams are a way to solve problems while you are sleeping

54
Q

Cognitive Process Dream Theory

A

Dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of stream of consciousness

55
Q

Neurocognitive Models of Dreaming

A

Seek to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes

56
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep

57
Q

Parasomnias

A

Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

58
Q

Hypnosis

A

Person appears to be in control of normal functions, but is in a highly suggestible state

59
Q

Meditation

A

State that causes decreases in heart rate and blood pressure; resembles stage 1 sleep

60
Q

Depressants

A

Reduce nervous system activity, resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

61
Q

Alcohol

A
  • Increase activity of GABA receptors
  • Brain inhibition, diminished arousal
  • Increased dopamine –> mild euphoria
  • Long-term consequences: cirrhosis, pancreatic damage, ulcers, GI cancer, brain disorders
62
Q

Alcohol myopia

A

Inability to recognize consequence of actions

63
Q

Wernicke - Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Caused by deficiency of thiamine and characterized by severe memory impairments

64
Q

Sedatives

A

Depress CNS activity, resulting in feelings of calm, relaxation, and drowsiness

65
Q

Barbiturates

A

Historically used as anxiety-reducing and sleep medications
- Amobarbital, phenobarbital

66
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Less prone to overdose
- Increase GABA
- Alprazolam, lorazepam, diazepam, clonezepam

67
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that cause an increase in arousal in the nervous system

68
Q

Amphetamines

A

Cause increased arousal by increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin at the synapse and decrease their uptake
- Increased appetite and need for sleep
- Prolonged use: stroke, brain damage

69
Q

Cocaine

A

Originates from the coca plant in South America
- Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
- Anesthetic and vasoconstrictive properties
- Crack

70
Q

Ecstasy

A

Acts as hallucinogen combined with amphetamine
- Increased HR, BP, blurry vision, sweating, nausea, hypethermia
- Euphoria, Increased alertness

71
Q

Opiates/Opioids

A

Derived from the poppy plant, opium

72
Q

Opiates

A

Naturally occuring
- morphine, codeine

73
Q

Opioids

A

Semisynthetic derivatives
- Endorphin agonists, Decreased reaction to pain
- Oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin

74
Q

Hallucinogenics

A

Drugs that typically cause introspection, distortions of reality and fantasy, and enhancement of sensory experiences
- Increased HR, BP, dilation of pupils, sweating
- LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin

75
Q

Marijuana

A

Cannabis sativa and cannabis indica
- THC is active chemical
- Inhibits GABA
- Increases dopamine
- Stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen

76
Q

Attention

A

Concentrating on one aspect of the sensory environment, or sensorium

77
Q

Selective Attention

A

Focusing on one part of sensorium while ignoring other stimuli

78
Q

Divided Attention

A

Perform multiple tasks at the same time

79
Q

Phonology

A

Actual sounds of language

80
Q

Phonemes

A

Speech sounds

81
Q

Morphology

A

Strucutre of words

82
Q

Morphemes

A

Building blocks that connote meaning

83
Q

Semantics

A

Association of meaning with a word

84
Q

Syntax

A

How words are put together to form sentences

85
Q

Pragmatics

A

Dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge

86
Q

Prosody

A

Rhythm, cadence, and inflection of our voices

87
Q

Nativist (biological) theory

A

Advocates for the existence of some innate capacity for language

88
Q

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A

Theoretical pathway in the brain that allows infants to process and absorb language rules

89
Q

Learning (behaviorist) theory

A

Language acquisition by operant conditioning

90
Q

Social Interactionist theory

A

Focuses on interplay between biological and social processes

91
Q

Wharfian Hypothesis

A

Our perception of reality is determined by the content of language

92
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Controls motor function of speech via connection with motor cortex

93
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Language comprehension

94
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

Bundle of axons that allows appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production

95
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Unable to repeat something that has been said

Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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