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Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 4 - Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

How our brains process and react to the incredible info overload presented to us

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2
Q

Dual - coding theory

A

Both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store info

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3
Q

Jean Piaget

A

One of the most influential figures in developmental psychology
- 4 stages of development

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4
Q

Schema

A

Concepts, behaviors, or a sequence of events

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5
Q

Assimilation

A

Process of classifying new info into existing schemata

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6
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new info

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7
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget stage
- birth to 2 years
- Manipulate environment to meet physical needs
- Coordinate sensory input with motor actions

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8
Q

Primary circular reactions

A

Repetitions of body movements that originally occurred by chance

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9
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

Manipulation focused on something outside the body

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10
Q

Object permanence

A

Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of view

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11
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Piaget stage
- 2 to 7 years

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12
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

Ability to pretend, have imagination

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13
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

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14
Q

Conservation

A

Understanding that physical amount remains the same, even if there is change in shape or appearance

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15
Q

Concrete Operational stage

A

Piaget stage
- 7 to 11 years
- Understand conservation
- Loss of egocentrism
- Engage in logical thought

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16
Q

Formal Operational stage

A

Piaget stage
- 11 + years
- Abstract concepts
- Problem solving
- Hypothetical reasoning

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17
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is children’s internalization of their culture

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18
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Solving new or novel problems
- peak early adulthood, decline with age

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19
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Solving problems using acquired knowledge
- Peaks middle adulthood, remains stable

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20
Q

Delirium

A

Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and has medical causes

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21
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

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22
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

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23
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Starts from a general set of rules and draws conclusions from info given

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24
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Create a theory of via generalizations

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25
Heuristics
Simplified principles used to make decisions
26
Availability heuristic
Base liklihood of event on how easily examples of that event come to mind
27
Representativeness heuristic
Categorizing items based on whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representive image of the category
28
Base Rate Fallacy
Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring numerical info
29
Disconfirmation Principle
Evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution does not work; presence of confirmation bias may prevent individual from eliminating solution
30
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to focus on info that fits an individual's beliefs
31
Hindsight Bias
Tendency for people to overestimate their ability to predict the outcome of events that already happened
32
Recognition-Primed Decision Model
Sorting through wide variety of info to match pattern
33
Multiple Intelligences
- Howard Gardner - Linguistic, logical-mathematical,musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
34
Triarchic Theory
- Robert Sternberg - Analytical, creative, and practical
35
Beta waves
High frequency and occur when a person is alert or attending to a mental task Pic
36
Alpha Waves
Awake but relaxing with eyes closed Pic
37
Theta Waves
Occur during stage 1 sleep - Irregular waveform Pic
38
Delta Waves
Occur during stage 3 sleep - Low frequency and high voltage Pic
39
Stage 1 Sleep
Sleep stage with theta waves
40
Stage 2 sleep
Sleep stage with sleep spindles and K complexes
41
Stage 3 Sleep
Sleep stage with delta waves - Cognitive recovery - Memory consolidation
42
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)
Heart rate, breathing, and EEG mimic wakefulness, but individual is asleep - Dreaming likely to occur in this stage
43
Circadian Rhythms
Internally generated sleep and wake rhythms - 24 hours
44
Melatonin
Serotonin-drived hormone from pineal gland - Reduction in light can cause release of this hormone - Associated with sleepiness
45
Activation - Synthesis Theory
Dreams caused by widespread random activation of nerual circuitry
46
Problem - Solving Dream Theory
Dreams are a way to solve problems while you are sleeping
47
Cognitive Process Dream Theory
Dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of stream of consciousness
48
Neurocognitive Models of Dreaming
Seek to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes
49
Dyssomnias
Disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
50
Parasomnias
Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
51
Depressants
Reduce nervous system activity, resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
52
Alcohol
- Increase activity of GABA receptors - Brain inhibition, diminished arousal - Increased dopamine --> mild euphoria - Long-term consequences: cirrhosis, pancreatic damage, ulcers, GI cancer, brain disorders
53
Wernicke - Korsakoff Syndrome
Caused by deficiency of thiamine and characterized by severe memory impairments
54
Sedatives
Depress CNS activity, resulting in feelings of calm, relaxation, and drowsiness
55
Barbiturates
Historically used as anxiety-reducing and sleep medications - Amobarbital, phenobarbital
56
Benzodiazepines
Less prone to overdose - Increase GABA - Alprazolam, lorazepam, diazepam, clonezepam
57
Stimulants
Drugs that cause an increase in arousal in the nervous system
58
Amphetamines
Cause increased arousal by increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin at the synapse and decrease their uptake - Increased appetite and need for sleep - Prolonged use: stroke, brain damage
59
Cocaine
Originates from the coca plant in South America - Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin - Anesthetic and vasoconstrictive properties - Crack
60
Ecstasy
Acts as hallucinogen combined with amphetamine - Increased HR, BP, blurry vision, sweating, nausea, hypethermia - Euphoria, Increased alertness
61
Opiates
Naturally occuring - morphine, codeine
62
Opioids
Semisynthetic derivatives - Endorphin agonists, Decreased reaction to pain - Oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin
63
Hallucinogenics
Drugs that typically cause introspection, distortions of reality and fantasy, and enhancement of sensory experiences - Increased HR, BP, dilation of pupils, sweating - LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin
64
Marijuana
Cannabis sativa and cannabis indica - THC is active chemical - Inhibits GABA - Increases dopamine - Stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen
65
Phonology
Actual sounds of language
66
Phonemes
Speech sounds
67
Morphology
Strucutre of words
68
Morphemes
Building blocks that connote meaning
69
Semantics
Association of meaning with a word
70
Syntax
How words are put together to form sentences
71
Pragmatics
Dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge
72
Prosody
Rhythm, cadence, and inflection of our voices
73
Nativist (biological) theory
Advocates for the existence of some innate capacity for language
74
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Theoretical pathway in the brain that allows infants to process and absorb language rules
75
Learning (behaviorist) theory
Language acquisition by operant conditioning
76
Social Interactionist theory
Focuses on interplay between biological and social processes
77
Wharfian Hypothesis
Our perception of reality is determined by the content of language
78
Broca's Area
Controls motor function of speech via connection with motor cortex
79
Wernicke's Area
Language comprehension
80
Arcuate Fasciculus
Bundle of axons that allows appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production
81
Conduction Aphasia
Unable to repeat something that has been said

Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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