Chapter 10 - Social Thinking

Question 1

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 1

Tendency for people to prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

Question 2

Cognitive Neoassociation Model

Answer 2

We are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions

Question 3

Secure Attachment

Answer 3

Child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that there is a secure base to return to
- Upset at departure, comfroted at return

Question 4

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 4

Caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child
- No preference between caregiver and stranger

Question 5

Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 5

Caregiver has inconsistent response to a child’s distress
- Distressed at separation, mixed response at return

Question 6

Disorganized Attachment

Answer 6

No clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence

Question 7

Sensory bias

Answer 7

Development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population
- Part of mate choice

Question 8

Fisherian Selection

Answer 8

Positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time
- Part of mate choice

Question 9

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

Answer 9

One individual helps another person when feeling empathy for the other person, regardless of cost

Question 10

Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)

Answer 10

When adopted, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising

Question 11

Altruism

Answer 11

Donor provides recipient benefit at cost to donor

Question 12

Cooperation

Answer 12

Both donor and recipient benefit

Question 13

Spite

Answer 13

Both donor and recipient negatively impacted

Question 14

Selfishness

Answer 14

Donor benefits while recipient is negatively impacted

Question 15

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 15

Measure of an organism’s success in the population based on # of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to then support others

Question 16

Primacy Effect

Answer 16

First impressions more important than subsequent impressions

Question 17

Recency Effect

Answer 17

Most recent info about individual is most important

Question 18

Reliance on Central Traits

Answer 18

Organize perceptions of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to perceiver

Question 19

Implicit Personality Theory

Answer 19

There are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related

Question 20

Halo Effect

Answer 20

Cognitive bias in which judgements about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual

Question 21

Just-World Hypothesis

Answer 21

Good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad peope

Question 22

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 22

Individuals credit their own successes to internal factors and blame their failures on external ones

Question 23

Attribution Theory

Answer 23

Describes how individuals infer the causes of other people’s behavior

Question 24

Fundamental Attribution Theory

Answer 24

We are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions when judging the actions of others

Question 25

Stereotypes

Answer 25

Occur when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial info about a person or a group of individuals

Question 26

Prejudice

Answer 26

Irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience with that entity

Question 27

Ethnocentrism

Answer 27

Practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

Question 28

Cultural relativism

Answer 28

Recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

Question 29

Discrimination

Answer 29

Prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others