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Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 1 - Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Biology and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gall

A

Developed doctrine of phrenology

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2
Q

Phrenology

A

If a particular trait was well-developed then the part of the brain responsible for that trait would expand

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3
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

Studied functions of the major sections of the brain

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4
Q

Extirpation (ablation)

A

Parts of the brain are surgically removed and the consequences are observed

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5
Q

William James

A

Founder of American Psychology

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6
Q

Functionalism

A

How mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment

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7
Q

John Dewey

A

Credited with the landmark article on functionalism; argued for studying the entire organism as a whole

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8
Q

Paul Broca

A

Correlated pathology with specific brain regions

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9
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

Measured speed of nerve impulse

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10
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

Inferred existence of snyapses

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11
Q

3 kinds of nerve cells

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons

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12
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent)

A

Transmit sensory info from receptors to spinal cord and brain

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13
Q

Motor neurons (efferent)

A

Transmit motor info from brain to muscles

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Found between other neurons in brain and spinal cord; linked to reflexive behavior

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15
Q

Reflex arcs

A

Neural circuits that control reflexive behavior

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16
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerve tissue and fibers
- 31 spinal nerves
- 12 cranial nerves

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18
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles

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19
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Manages involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs and glands
- Regulates heartbeat,respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions
- Regulates temperature

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20
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Role is to conserve energy
- Associated with resting and sleeping states, managing digestion
- Acetylcholine is responsible for responses

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21
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Activated by stress; “fight or flight”

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22
Q

Meninges

A

Thick, three-layered sheath of connective tissue

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23
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Aqueous solution that nourishes the brain and spinal cord and provides protective cushion

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24
Q

Meninge layers (inner to outer)

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

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25
Q

Brain divided into 3 parts:

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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26
Q

Hindbrain

A

Controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes
- Vital functions necessary for survival

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27
Q

Hindbrain structures

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum

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28
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Regulates vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion

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29
Q

Pons

A

sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and the medulla

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30
Q

Cerebellum

A

Helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements

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31
Q

Midbrain

A

Receives sensory and motor info from the body
- Associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli

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32
Q

Midbrain Structures

A

Superior and Inferior Colliculus

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33
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

Receives visual sensory input

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34
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Receives auditory sensory input

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35
Q

Forebrain

A

Associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
- Intellectual and emotional capacities

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36
Q

Forebrain Structures

A

Crebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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37
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Study of the functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain
- Brain lesions
- Cortical maps

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38
Q

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

A

Detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain

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39
Q

Computed tomography (CT/CAT scan)

A

multiple x-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the tissue

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40
Q

PET Scan

A

radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is images

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41
Q

MRI

A

magnetic filed that interacts with hydrogen atoms is used to map out hydrogen dense regions of the body

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42
Q

fmri

A

measures changes associated with blood flow

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43
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for incoming sensory info
- All senses except smell
- Sorts and transmits to cerebral cortex
- Sensory “way station”

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44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic functions and key player in some emotional experiences
- Endocrine functions
- Regulate metabolism, temperature, water balance
- Primary regulator of autonomic nervous system

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45
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

Detects when body needs more food or fluids
- Lacks Hunger when removed

46
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

Provides signals to stop eating
- Very Much Hungry when destroyed

47
Q

Anterior hypothalamus

A

Controls sexual behavior

48
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Site of release for hypothalamic hormones
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin

49
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Biological rhythms
- Melatonin

50
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Coordinates muscle movement as they receive info from the cortex and realy to the brain and spinal cord
- Smooth movement and steady posture

51
Q

Extrapyramidal System

A

gathers info about body position and carries it to the central nervous system

52
Q

Limbic System

A

Associated with emotion and memory

53
Q

Limbic System Structures

A

Septal Nuclei
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Anterior Cingulate Cortex

54
Q

Septal Nuclei

A

Primary pleasure center

55
Q

Amygdala

A

Defensive and aggressive behaviors
- Fear and rage

56
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and memory processes

57
Q

Fornix

A

projection that helps communication between hippocampus and limbic system

58
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Cannot form new long-term memories

59
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

cannot recall old memories

60
Q

Anterior Cingulate cortex

A

Regulation of impulse control and decision-making
- Emotion and motivation

61
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer surface of the brain
- gyri and sulci
- 2 cerebral hemispheres
- 4 lobes

61
Q

4 lobes of brain

A

Frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

62
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Comprised of prefrontal and motor cortex

63
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions
- Attention, alertness
- Perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long-term planning

64
Q

Association area

A

area that integrates input from diverse regions of the brain

65
Q

Projection areas

A

Perform more rudimentary perceptual and motor tasks

66
Q

Motor cortex

A

Inititate voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses

67
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

68
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Located on postcentral gyrus and is involved in somatosensory info processing
- spatial processing and manipulation

69
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Contains visual cortex
- Sensation and perception of visual info

70
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Contains auditory cortex
- sound processing

71
Q

Contralateral

A

One side of the brain communicates with the opposite side

72
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Communication on the same side of the brain

73
Q

Dominant hemisphere

A

Primarily analytic in function
- Usually left side

74
Q

Nondominant hemisphere

A

Associated with intuition, creativity, music, cognition, and spatial processing
- Usually right side

75
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical used by neurons to send signals to other neurons

76
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that mimics the action of some neurotransmitter

77
Q

Antagonist

A

Blocks the action of neurotransmitters

78
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Found in both CNS and PNS
  • Transmits nerve impulses to muscles in PNS
  • Linked to attention and arousal in CNS
79
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

Controls alertness and wakefulness
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Promote fight or flight

80
Q

Dopamine

A

Involved in movement and posture
- High concentrations in basal ganglia
- Imbalances play a role in schizophrenia and Parkinsons

81
Q

Serotonin

A

Regulates mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming
- Low levels = depression
- High levels = mania

82
Q

GABA

A

Produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
- Stabilizes neural activity

83
Q

Glycine

A

Inhibitory transmitter in the CNS
- Increases chloride influx into neuron

84
Q

Glutamate

A

Transmitter in CNS
- Excitatory

85
Q

Neuromodulators (neuropeptides)

A

Relatively slow and have longer effects on the postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters

86
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural painkillers

87
Q

Endocrine System

A

Internal communication network that uses hormones

88
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

“master gland”; located at the base of the brain
- Divided into anterior and posterior

89
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands elsewhere in the body

90
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Located on top of the kidneys
- Divided into adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

91
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

92
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Produces corticosteroids
- Cortisol

93
Q

Innate Behavior

A

Genetically programmed as a result of evolution and is seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience

94
Q

Learned Behavior

A

Based on experience and environment

95
Q

Adaptive Value

A

The extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species

96
Q

Family Studies

A

Rely on the fact that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unrelated individuals

97
Q

Twin Studies

A

Comparing concordance rates for a trait between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

98
Q

Concordance Rates

A

Liklihood that both twins exhibit the same trait

99
Q

Adoption Studies

A

Compare similarities between biological and adoptive relatives to the child

100
Q

Critical Periods

A

Specific periods in development where children are particularly susceptible to environmental factors

101
Q

Neuralation

A

Ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow, forming a neural groove surrounded by 2 neural folds

102
Q

Reflex

A

Behavior that occurs in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input

103
Q

Primitive refelxes

A

Reflexes that disappear with age

104
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Automatic turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek

105
Q

Moro refelx

A

React to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out arms, then retracting them and crying

106
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Toes spread apart when the sole is stimulated

107
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Close fingers around object in their hand

108
Q

Gross motor skills

A

Incorporate movement from large muscle groups and whole body motion
- Sitting, crawling, walking

109
Q

Fine motor skills

A

Involve smaller muscles of fingers, toes, and eyes
- Tracking motion, drawing, catching, waving

Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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