Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 1 - Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Biology and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gall

A

Developed doctrine of phrenology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phrenology

A

If a particular trait was well-developed then the part of the brain responsible for that trait would expand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

Studied functions of the major sections of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Extirpation (ablation)

A

Parts of the brain are surgically removed and the consequences are observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

William James

A

Founder of American Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functionalism

A

How mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

John Dewey

A

Credited with the landmark article on functionalism; argued for studying the entire organism as a whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Paul Broca

A

Correlated pathology with specific brain regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

Measured speed of nerve impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

Inferred existence of snyapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 kinds of nerve cells

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent)

A

Transmit sensory info from receptors to spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Motor neurons (efferent)

A

Transmit motor info from brain to muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Interneurons

A

Found between other neurons in brain and spinal cord; linked to reflexive behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reflex arcs

A

Neural circuits that control reflexive behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerve tissue and fibers
- 31 spinal nerves
- 12 cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Manages involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs and glands
- Regulates heartbeat,respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions
- Regulates temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Role is to conserve energy
- Associated with resting and sleeping states, managing digestion
- Acetylcholine is responsible for responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Activated by stress; “fight or flight”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Meninges

A

Thick, three-layered sheath of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Aqueous solution that nourishes the brain and spinal cord and provides protective cushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Meninge layers (inner to outer)

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Brain divided into 3 parts:
Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
26
Hindbrain
Controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes - Vital functions necessary for survival
27
Hindbrain structures
Medulla Oblongata Pons Cerebellum
28
Medulla oblongata
Regulates vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion
29
Pons
sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and the medulla
30
Cerebellum
Helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements
31
Midbrain
Receives sensory and motor info from the body - Associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli
32
Midbrain Structures
Superior and Inferior Colliculus
33
Superior Colliculus
Receives visual sensory input
34
Inferior Colliculus
Receives auditory sensory input
35
Forebrain
Associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes - Intellectual and emotional capacities
36
Forebrain Structures
Crebral cortex Basal Ganglia Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus
37
Neuropsychology
Study of the functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain - Brain lesions - Cortical maps
38
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
Detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain
39
Computed tomography (CT/CAT scan)
multiple x-rays are taken at different angles and processed by a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the tissue
40
PET Scan
radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is images
41
MRI
magnetic filed that interacts with hydrogen atoms is used to map out hydrogen dense regions of the body
42
fmri
measures changes associated with blood flow
43
Thalamus
Relay station for incoming sensory info - All senses except smell - Sorts and transmits to cerebral cortex - Sensory "way station"
44
Hypothalamus
Homeostatic functions and key player in some emotional experiences - Endocrine functions - Regulate metabolism, temperature, water balance - Primary regulator of autonomic nervous system
45
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Detects when body needs more food or fluids - Lacks Hunger when removed
46
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
Provides signals to stop eating - Very Much Hungry when destroyed
47
Anterior hypothalamus
Controls sexual behavior
48
Posterior Pituitary
Site of release for hypothalamic hormones - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Oxytocin
49
Pineal Gland
Biological rhythms - Melatonin
50
Basal Ganglia
Coordinates muscle movement as they receive info from the cortex and realy to the brain and spinal cord - Smooth movement and steady posture
51
Extrapyramidal System
gathers info about body position and carries it to the central nervous system
52
Limbic System
Associated with emotion and memory
53
Limbic System Structures
Septal Nuclei Amygdala Hippocampus Anterior Cingulate Cortex
54
Septal Nuclei
Primary pleasure center
55
Amygdala
Defensive and aggressive behaviors - Fear and rage
56
Hippocampus
Learning and memory processes
57
Fornix
projection that helps communication between hippocampus and limbic system
58
Anterograde amnesia
Cannot form new long-term memories
59
Retrograde amnesia
cannot recall old memories
60
Anterior Cingulate cortex
Regulation of impulse control and decision-making - Emotion and motivation
61
Cerebral cortex
Outer surface of the brain - gyri and sulci - 2 cerebral hemispheres - 4 lobes
61
4 lobes of brain
Frontal parietal occipital temporal
62
Frontal Lobe
Comprised of prefrontal and motor cortex
63
Prefrontal cortex
Manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions - Attention, alertness - Perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long-term planning
64
Association area
area that integrates input from diverse regions of the brain
65
Motor cortex
Inititate voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses
66
Parietal lobe
Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
67
Somatosensory cortex
Located on postcentral gyrus and is involved in somatosensory info processing - spatial processing and manipulation
68
Occipital Lobe
Contains visual cortex - Sensation and perception of visual info
69
Temporal Lobe
Contains auditory cortex - sound processing
70
Contralateral
One side of the brain communicates with the opposite side
71
Ipsilateral
Communication on the same side of the brain
72
Dominant hemisphere
Primarily analytic in function - Usually left side
73
Nondominant hemisphere
Associated with intuition, creativity, music, cognition, and spatial processing - Usually right side
74
Neurotransmitter
Chemical used by neurons to send signals to other neurons
75
Agonist
Drug that mimics the action of some neurotransmitter
76
Antagonist
Blocks the action of neurotransmitters
77
Acetylcholine
- Found in both CNS and PNS - Transmits nerve impulses to muscles in PNS - Linked to attention and arousal in CNS
78
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Controls alertness and wakefulness - Sympathetic nervous system - Promote fight or flight
79
Dopamine
Involved in movement and posture - High concentrations in basal ganglia - Imbalances play a role in schizophrenia and Parkinsons
80
Serotonin
Regulates mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming - Low levels = depression - High levels = mania
81
GABA
Produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials - Stabilizes neural activity
82
Glycine
Inhibitory transmitter in the CNS - Increases chloride influx into neuron
83
Glutamate
Transmitter in CNS - Excitatory
84
Neuromodulators (neuropeptides)
Relatively slow and have longer effects on the postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters
85
Endorphins
Natural painkillers
86
Endocrine System
Internal communication network that uses hormones
87
Pituitary Gland
"master gland"; located at the base of the brain - Divided into anterior and posterior
88
Anterior Pituitary
Releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands elsewhere in the body
89
Adrenal Gland
Located on top of the kidneys - Divided into adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
90
Adrenal Medulla
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
91
Adrenal cortex
Produces corticosteroids - Cortisol
92
Adaptive Value
The extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species
93
Family Studies
Rely on the fact that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unrelated individuals
94
Twin Studies
Comparing concordance rates for a trait between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
95
Concordance Rates
Liklihood that both twins exhibit the same trait
96
Adoption Studies
Compare similarities between biological and adoptive relatives to the child
97
Neuralation
Ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow, forming a neural groove surrounded by 2 neural folds
98
Primitive refelxes
Reflexes that disappear with age
99
Rooting reflex
Automatic turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek
100
Moro refelx
React to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out arms, then retracting them and crying
101
Babinski reflex
Toes spread apart when the sole is stimulated
102
Grasping reflex
Close fingers around object in their hand
103
Gross motor skills
Incorporate movement from large muscle groups and whole body motion - Sitting, crawling, walking
104
Fine motor skills
Involve smaller muscles of fingers, toes, and eyes - Tracking motion, drawing, catching, waving

Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions