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Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 3 - Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Habituation

A

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause decrease in response

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2
Q

Subthreshold stimulus

A

Stimulus too weak to elicit response

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3
Q

Dishabituation

A

Recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred

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4
Q

Associative Learning

A

Creation of a pairing, or association, either between 2 stimuli or between a behavior and a response

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5
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between 2 unrelated stimuli

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6
Q

Acquisition

A

process of using reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

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7
Q

Extinction

A

Loss of a conditioned response

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8
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Presenting an extinct conditioned stimulus again will sometimes produce a weak conditioned response

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9
Q

Generalization

A

Stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

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10
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Examines ways in which consequences of voluntary behaviors change the frequency of those behaviors

Pic

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

Theory that all behaviors are conditioned

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12
Q

Reinforcement

A

Process of increasing the liklihood that an animal will perform a behavior

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13
Q

Positive Reinforcer

A

Increase frequency of a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive
- Money for working

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14
Q

Escape Learning

A

Animal displays desired behavior in order to trigger the removal of unpleasant stimulus

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14
Q

Negative Reinforcer

A

Increase frequency of behavior by removing something unpleasant
- aspirin to reduce headache

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14
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

Animal displays desired behavior in anticipation of unpleasant stimulus, thereby avoiding stimulus

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15
Q

Punishment

A

Reduces the occurrence of behavior

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16
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Adds unpeasant consequence in response to behavior
- Parking ticket

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17
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Removing stimulus in order to cause a reduction of behavior
- Taking away television

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18
Q

Fixed - Ratio (FR) schedules

A

Reinforce behavior after specific number of performances of that behavior
- food pellet every 3rd time bar is pressed

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19
Q

Variable - Ratio (VR) schedule

A

Reinforce behavior after a varying number of performances, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant
- Reward after 2 button presses, then 8, 6, 4
- Best for learning new behaviors

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20
Q

Fixed Interval (FI) schedule

A

Reinforce first instance of a behavior after specified time period has elapsed
- 60 seconds after first pellet; then 60 after next

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21
Q

Variable Interval (VI) schedule

A

Reinforce the behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time
- 90 seconds, then 30 seconds, then 3 minutes

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22
Q

Shaping

A

Process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors that become closer to a desired resppnse

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23
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward us introduced
24
Mirror Neurons
Located in frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action
25
Encoding
Process of putting new info into memory
26
Automatic Processing
Info gained without effort - Unintentional - Passively absorbed
27
Elaborative encoding
Encode by linking to knowledge in memory
28
Semantic encoding
Encode by meaningful context - Strongest form
29
Self-reference Effect
Recall info best when we put it into the context of our own lives
30
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repetition of a piece of info to keep it within working memory or store
31
Method of loci
Associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized - carton of eggs on doorstep, butter in living room
32
Peg-word system
Associated numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers - One and sun, three ans tree
33
Chunking (clustering)
Taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning
34
Sensory Memory
Preserves info in its original sensory form - Iconic (visual stimuli) - Echoic (auditory stimuli)
35
Short-term memory
Fades quickly without rehearsal - Memory capacity: 7 + or - 2 rule
36
Working Memory
Enables us to keep info in consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that info
37
Long-term Memory
Essentially limitless warehouse for knowledge that we are then able to recall on demand
38
Elaborative rehearsal
Association of the info to knowledge already stored in long-term memory
39
Implicit memory (nondeclarative)
Skills, habits, and conditioned responses
40
Procedural memory
Unconscious memory of the skills required to complete procedural tasks
41
Priming
Presentation of one stimuls affects perception of a second
42
Explicit memory (declarative)
Memories that require conscious recall
43
Episodic memory
Collection of life experiences
44
Semantic memory
Ideas, concepts, or facts that we know, but are not tied to specific life experiences
45
Retrieval
Process of demonstrating that something has been learned and retained
46
Recall
retrieval and statement of previously learned info
47
Spacing effect
Longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention over time
48
Semantic network
concepts are linked together based on similar meaning
49
Context effect
Memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place
50
Source monitoring
Involves determining the origin of memories, and whether they are factual or fictional
51
State-dependent memory
Performing better when in the same mental state as when info was learned
52
Serial position effect
Item's position in a list of affects particpant's ability to recall
53
Primacy/recency
Tendency to remember early and late items in a list
54
Amnesia
Significant loss of memorized info
55
Source amnesia
Inability to remember where, when, or how one has obtained knowledge
56
Alzheimer's Disease
Degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus
57
Korsakoff's syndrome
Memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency
58
Confabulation
Process of creating vivid, but fabricated memories
59
Agnosia
Inability to recognize objects, people, or sounds
60
Interference
Retrieval error caused by the existence of other, usually similar, information
61
Proactive interference
Old info interferes with new learning
62
Retroactive interference
New info causes forgetting of old info
63
Reconstructive memory
Theory of memory recall in which cognitive processes affect the act of remembering
64
Intrusion errors
False memories that have included a false detail into a particular memory
65
Neuroplasticity
Change in neural connections caused by learning or a response to injury
66
Synaptic Pruning
Weak neural connections broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing efficiency of processing
67
Long-term potentiation
Strenghtening of neural connections through repeated use

Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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