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Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 3 - Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Way in which we acquire new behaviors

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything to which an organism responds

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3
Q

Habituation

A

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause decrease in response

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4
Q

Subthreshold stimulus

A

Stimulus too weak to elicit response

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5
Q

Dishabituation

A

Recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred

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6
Q

Associative Learning

A

Creation of a pairing, or association, either between 2 stimuli or between a behavior and a response

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between 2 unrelated stimuli

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8
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

Stimulus that brings about a reflexive response

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9
Q

Uncondtioned Response (UCR)

A

Innate or reflexice response

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10
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

Neutral stimulus that, through association, causes reflexive response

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11
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Reflexive response caused by conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

stimuli that do not produce reflexive response

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13
Q

Acquisition

A

process of using reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Extinction

A

Loss of a conditioned response

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15
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Presenting an extinct conditioned stimulus again will sometimes produce a weak conditioned response

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16
Q

Generalization

A

Stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

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17
Q

Stimuli discrimination

A

Organism learns to distinguish between similar stimuli

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18
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Examines ways in which consequences of voluntary behaviors change the frequency of those behaviors

Pic

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19
Q

Behaviorism

A

Theory that all behaviors are conditioned

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20
Q

Reinforcement

A

Process of increasing the liklihood that an animal will perform a behavior

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21
Q

Positive Reinforcer

A

Increase frequency of a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive
- Money for working

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22
Q

Escape Learning

A

Animal displays desired behavior in order to trigger the removal of unpleasant stimulus

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22
Q

Negative Reinforcer

A

Increase frequency of behavior by removing something unpleasant
- aspirin to reduce headache

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22
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

Animal displays desired behavior in anticipation of unpleasant stimulus, thereby avoiding stimulus

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23
Q

Punishment

A

Reduces the occurrence of behavior

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24
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Adds unpeasant consequence in response to behavior
- Parking ticket

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25
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Removing stimulus in order to cause a reduction of behavior
- Taking away television

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26
Q
A
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27
Q

Fixed - Ratio (FR) schedules

A

Reinforce behavior after specific number of performances of that behavior
- food pellet every 3rd time bar is pressed

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28
Q

Variable - Ratio (VR) schedule

A

Reinforce behavior after a varying number of performances, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant
- Reward after 2 button presses, then 8, 6, 4
- Best for learning new behaviors

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29
Q

Fixed Interval (FI) schedule

A

Reinforce first instance of a behavior after specified time period has elapsed
- 60 seconds after first pellet; then 60 after next

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30
Q

Variable Interval (VI) schedule

A

Reinforce the behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time
- 90 seconds, then 30 seconds, then 3 minutes

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31
Q

Shaping

A

Process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors that become closer to a desired resppnse

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32
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward us introduced

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33
Q

Preparedness

A

Predisposition to learn (or not learn) behaviors based on their own natural abilities and instincts

34
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

Animals revert to an instinctive behavior after learning a new behavior that is similar

35
Q

Observational Learning

A

Process of learning a new behavior or gaining info by watching others

36
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Located in frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action

37
Q

Encoding

A

Process of putting new info into memory

38
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Info gained without effort
- Unintentional
- Passively absorbed

39
Q

Controlled Processing

A

Actively work to gain info
- flashcards

40
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

Encode by linking to knowledge in memory

41
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Encode by meaningful context
- Strongest form

42
Q

Self-reference Effect

A

Recall info best when we put it into the context of our own lives

43
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repetition of a piece of info to keep it within working memory or store

44
Q

Method of loci

A

Associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized
- carton of eggs on doorstep, butter in living room

45
Q

Peg-word system

A

Associated numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers
- One and sun, three ans tree

46
Q

Chunking (clustering)

A

Taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning

47
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Preserves info in its original sensory form
- Iconic (visual stimuli)
- Echoic (auditory stimuli)

48
Q

Short-term memory

A

Fades quickly without rehearsal
- Memory capacity: 7 + or - 2 rule

49
Q

Working Memory

A

Enables us to keep info in consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that info

50
Q

Long-term Memory

A

Essentially limitless warehouse for knowledge that we are then able to recall on demand

51
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Association of the info to knowledge already stored in long-term memory

52
Q

Implicit memory (nondeclarative)

A

Skills, habits, and conditioned responses

53
Q

Procedural memory

A

Unconscious memory of the skills required to complete procedural tasks

54
Q

Priming

A

Presentation of one stimuls affects perception of a second

55
Q

Explicit memory (declarative)

A

Memories that require conscious recall

56
Q

Episodic memory

A

Collection of life experiences

57
Q

Semantic memory

A

Ideas, concepts, or facts that we know, but are not tied to specific life experiences

58
Q

Types of memory

A

pic

59
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of demonstrating that something has been learned and retained

60
Q

Recall

A

retrieval and statement of previously learned info

61
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying info that was previously learned

62
Q

Relearning

A

Reviewing info again

63
Q

Spacing effect

A

Longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention over time

64
Q

Semantic network

A

concepts are linked together based on similar meaning

65
Q

Context effect

A

Memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

66
Q

Source monitoring

A

Involves determining the origin of memories, and whether they are factual or fictional

67
Q

State-dependent memory

A

Performing better when in the same mental state as when info was learned

68
Q

Serial position effect

A

Item’s position in a list of affects particpant’s ability to recall

69
Q

Primacy/recency

A

Tendency to remember early and late items in a list

70
Q

Amnesia

A

Significant loss of memorized info

71
Q

Source amnesia

A

Inability to remember where, when, or how one has obtained knowledge

72
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus

73
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency

74
Q

Confabulation

A

Process of creating vivid, but fabricated memories

75
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize objects, people, or sounds

76
Q

Interference

A

Retrieval error caused by the existence of other, usually similar, information

77
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old info interferes with new learning

78
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New info causes forgetting of old info

79
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to perform task at some point in the future

80
Q

Reconstructive memory

A

Theory of memory recall in which cognitive processes affect the act of remembering

81
Q

Intrusion errors

A

False memories that have included a false detail into a particular memory

82
Q

Source - monitoring error

A

Confusion between semantci and episodic memory

83
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Change in neural connections caused by learning or a response to injury

84
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Weak neural connections broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing efficiency of processing

85
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Strenghtening of neural connections through repeated use

Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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