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Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 6 - Identity and Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Identity and Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Self-concept

A

Awareness of ourselves as distinct from others and answers to the question “who am I”?

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2
Q

Identity

A

Individual components of our self-concept

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2
Q

Self-schema

A

Self-given label that carries set of qualities

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3
Q

Androgyny

A

Being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine

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4
Q

Ethnic identity

A

Membership in a particular racial/ethnic group
- common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language

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5
Q

Nationality

A

Political borders; where we are born
- shared history, media, cuisine, symbols

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6
Q

Hierarchy of salience

A

Situation dictates which identity holds the most importance at a given moment

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7
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

A

Each of us has 3 selves and that perceived differences between these selves leads to negative feelings

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8
Q

Actual self

A

See ourselves as we currently are

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9
Q

Ideal self

A

Who we would like to be

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10
Q

Ought self

A

Way others think we should be

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11
Q

Locus of control

A

Way we characterize influences in our lives
- internal and external

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12
Q

Freud: Psychosocial Development

A

Believed that libidinal energy and the drive to reduce libidinal tension were the underlying dynamic forces that accounted for human psychological processes
- 5 stages

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13
Q

Oral stage

A

Freudian stage
- 0-1 year
- libidinal energy centered on mouth
- oral fixation can lead to excessive dependency

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14
Q

Anal stage

A

Freudian stage
- 1-3 years
- libido centered on anus
- fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or sloppiness

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15
Q

Phallic stage

A

Freudian stage
- 3-5 years
- Oedipal and Electra conflicts
- Subliminates libidinal energy

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16
Q

Latency stage

A

Freudian stage
- lasts until end of puberty

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17
Q

Genital stage

A

Freudian stage
- puberty-adulthood
- enter into heterosexual relationships

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18
Q

Erikson: Psychosocial Development

A

Personality development is driven by the successful resolution of a series of social and emotional conflicts
- 8 stages

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19
Q

Trust vs. mistrust

A

Erikson
- 0-1 year
- learn trust

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20
Q

autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

Erikson
- 1-3 year
- exert control, exercise choice and self-restraint

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21
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A

Erikson
- 3-6 years
- sense of purpose, initiate activities, enjoy accomplishment

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22
Q

Industry vs Inferiority

A

Erikson
- 6-12 years
- feel competent, exercise abilities and intelligence in the world, affect worls they desire

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23
Q

Identity vs Role confusion

A

Erikson
- 12-20 years
- fidelity, ability to see oneself as unique and integrated

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24
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A

Erikson
- 20-40 years
- love, intimate relationships, commitment

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25
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A

Erikson
- 40-65 years
- productive, caringm and contributing member of society

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26
Q

Integrity vs despair

A

Erikson
- wisdom, integrity, life has been worthwhile

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27
Q

Kohlberg: Moral reasoning

A

As cognitive abilities grow, we are able to think about the world in more complex and nuanced ways
- 3 phases

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28
Q

Preconventional morality

A

Obedience: avoiding punishments
Self-interest: gaining rewards

29
Q

Conventional morality

A

Conformity: seeks approval of others
Law and order: social order in highest regard

30
Q

Postconventional morality

A

Social contract: moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good
Universal human ethics: decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles

31
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

Skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development
- Vygotsky

32
Q

Theory of mind

A

Ability to sense how another’s mind works

33
Q

Looking-glass self

A

Our understanding of how others see us

34
Q

Reference group

A

Group we use as a standard to evaluate ourselves

35
Q

Personality

A

Set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and location

36
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

Unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality

37
Q

Id

A

Basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce
- Pleasure principle
- Primary process

38
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Achieve immediate gratification to relieve pent-up tension

39
Q

Primary process

A

Id’s response to frustration based on the pleasure principle

40
Q

Ego

A

Organizer of the mind
- Reality principle
- Secondary process

41
Q

Reality principle

A

Postpone pleasure principle until satisfaction can be obtained

42
Q

Secondary process

A

Guidance of id and id’s pleasure prinicple

43
Q

Superego

A

Personality’s perfectionist
- Conscience
- Ego ideal

44
Q

Conscience

A

Collection of the improper actions for which a child is punished

45
Q

Ego-ideal

A

Proper actions for which a child is rewarded

46
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Ego’s recourse for relieving anxiety caused by the clash of the id and superego
- Deny, falsify, or distort reality then operate unconsciously
- 8 mechanisms

47
Q

Repression

A

Forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious

48
Q

Suppression

A

Deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

49
Q

Regression

A

Reversion to earlier developmental state

50
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Suppress urges by unconsciously converting these urges into their opposites

51
Q

Projection

A

Attribute undesired feelings to others

52
Q

Rationalization

A

Justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to self and society

53
Q

Displacement

A

Transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another

54
Q

Sublimation

A

Transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

55
Q

Persona

A

Aspect of our personality we present to the world

56
Q

Anima

A

man’s inner woman

56
Q

Animus

A

woman’s inner man

57
Q

Shadow

A

Unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions experiences in the unconscious mind

58
Q

Inferiority Complex

A

Individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority

59
Q

Creative self

A

Force by which individual’s shape their uniqueness and establish their personality

60
Q

Fictional Finalism

A

Individuals are motivated more by their expectations of the future than by past experiences

61
Q

Force Field Theory

A

One’s current state of mind is the sum of the forces on the individual at that time

62
Q

Type theorists

A

Create taxonomy of personality traits

63
Q

Trait theorists

A

Individual personality as the sum of a person’s characteristic behaviors

64
Q

Openness

A

Willingness to engage with the world and desire to try new things

65
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Self-control

66
Q

Extraversion

A

Tolerance for social interaction and stimulation

67
Q

Agreeableness

A

Degree to which a person is concerned about maintaining peace and harmony in their interactions with others

68
Q

Neuroticism

A

Emotional arousal in stressful situations

69
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Refers to the idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with eachother to determine our actions in a given situation

Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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