Chapter 8 - Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behaviors

Question 1

Social Facilitation

Answer 1

People tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

Question 2

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 2

Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks

Question 3

Deindividuation

Answer 3

Loss of one’s self-awareness in a group setting and the associated adoption of a more group oriented identity

Question 4

Social Loafing

Answer 4

Tendency to reduce effort when in a group setting

Question 5

Identity Shift Effect

Answer 5

Changes in behavior or beliefs due to peer pressure

Question 6

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 6

Simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions

Question 7

Group Polarization

Answer 7

Tendency for groups to collaboratively make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group

Question 8

Groupthink

Answer 8

Desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
- 8 factors indicate

Question 9

Illusion of Invulnerability

Answer 9

Encourage risks, ignore possible pitfalls and are too optimistic

Question 10

Collective Rationalization

Answer 10

Ignore expressed concerns about group approved ideas

Question 11

Illusion of Morality

Answer 11

Ideas produced by the group are morally correct, disregarding evidence to the contrary

Question 12

Excessive Stereotyping

Answer 12

Construct stereotypes of those expressing outside opinions

Question 13

Pressure for Conformity

Answer 13

Feel pressured not to express opinions that disagree with the group, and view opposition as disloyal

Question 14

Self-Censorship

Answer 14

Withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group

Question 15

Illusion of Unanimity

Answer 15

Believe that decisions and judgements of the group to be without disagreement, even if it does exist

Question 16

Mindguards

Answer 16

May decide to take on a role protecting the group against opposing views

Question 17

Assimilation

Answer 17

Process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

Question 18

Ethnic enclaves

Answer 18

Locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity

Question 19

Multiculturalism

Answer 19

Containing multiple cultures or ethnic groups

Question 20

Subcultures

Answer 20

Groups of people within a culture that distinguish tehmselves from the primary culture to which they belong

Question 21

Counterculture

Answer 21

Subculture group that gravitates toward an identity that is at odds with the mahority culture and deliberately opposes the prevailing social mores

Question 22

Socialization

Answer 22

Process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

Question 23

Primary Socialization

Answer 23

Initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society
- Childhood

Question 24

Secondary Socialization

Answer 24

Learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society
- Adolescents, adults

Question 25

Anticipatory Socialization

Answer 25

Prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships

Question 26

Resocialization

Answer 26

One discards old behaviors in favor of new ones

Question 27

Mores

Answer 27

Widely observed social norms

Question 28

Sanctions

Answer 28

Penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior
- Formal or informal

Question 29

Folkways

Answer 29

Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions

Question 30

Agents of Socialization

Answer 30

Any part of society that is important when learning social norms and values

Question 31

Deviance

Answer 31

Violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

Question 32

Social Stigma

Answer 32

Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

Question 33

Labeling Theory

Answer 33

Labels given to a person affect not only how others respond to that person, but also affect the person’s self-image

Question 34

Role engulfment

Answer 34

Internalizing a label and assuming the role implied by the label may lead to the assumed role taking over a person’s identity

Question 35

Differential Association Theory

Answer 35

Intimate exposure to others who engage in deviant behavior lays the groundwork for people to engage in deviant behavior themselves

Question 36

Strain Theory

Answer 36

Explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure

Question 37

Internalization

Answer 37

Changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

Question 38

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 38

Begins with a small request, and after gaining compliance, larger request is made

Question 39

Door-in-the-face technique

Answer 39

Large request made first, and if refused, smaller request is made

Question 40

Lowball technique

Answer 40

Initial commitment and then raised

Question 41

That’s-not-all technique

Answer 41

Made an offer, but before making a decision, told the deal is even better than expected

Question 42

Social Cognition

Answer 42

Ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

Question 43

Affective component of attitude

Answer 43

Way a person feels toward something emotional

Question 44

Behavioral component of attitude

Answer 44

Way a person acts with respect to something

Question 45

Cognitive component of attitude

Answer 45

Way a person thinks about something

Question 46

Functional Attitudes Theory

Answer 46

Attitudes serve 4 functions
- Knowledge
- Ego expression
- Adaptation
- Ego defense

Question 47

Learning Theory

Answer 47

Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

Question 48

Elaboration Liklihood Model

Answer 48

Separates individuals on a continuum based on how they process persuasive info
- Central route
- Peripheral route

Question 49

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 49

Postulates that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behavior of others