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Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 8 - Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behaviors > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behaviors Flashcards

1
Q

Social Action

A

Actions and behaviors that individuals are performing or modulating because others are around

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2
Q

Social Facilitation

A

People tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

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3
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks

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4
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of one’s self-awareness in a group setting and the associated adoption of a more group oriented identity

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5
Q

Social Loafing

A

Tendency to reduce effort when in a group setting

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6
Q

Identity Shift Effect

A

Changes in behavior or beliefs due to peer pressure

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7
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions

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8
Q

Group Polarization

A

Tendency for groups to collaboratively make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group

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9
Q

Groupthink

A

Desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
- 8 factors indicate

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10
Q

Illusion of Invulnerability

A

Encourage risks, ignore possible pitfalls and are too optimistic

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11
Q

Collective Rationalization

A

Ignore expressed concerns about group approved ideas

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12
Q

Illusion of Morality

A

Ideas produced by the group are morally correct, disregarding evidence to the contrary

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13
Q

Excessive Stereotyping

A

Construct stereotypes of those expressing outside opinions

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14
Q

Pressure for Conformity

A

Feel pressured not to express opinions that disagree with the group, and view opposition as disloyal

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15
Q

Self-Censorship

A

Withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group

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16
Q

Illusion of Unanimity

A

Believe that decisions and judgements of the group to be without disagreement, even if it does exist

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17
Q

Mindguards

A

May decide to take on a role protecting the group against opposing views

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18
Q

Assimilation

A

Process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

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19
Q

Ethnic enclaves

A

Locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity

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20
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Containing multiple cultures or ethnic groups

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21
Q

Subcultures

A

Groups of people within a culture that distinguish tehmselves from the primary culture to which they belong

22
Q

Counterculture

A

Subculture group that gravitates toward an identity that is at odds with the mahority culture and deliberately opposes the prevailing social mores

23
Q

Socialization

A

Process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

24
Q

Primary Socialization

A

Initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society
- Childhood

25
Q

Secondary Socialization

A

Learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society
- Adolescents, adults

26
Q

Anticipatory Socialization

A

Prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships

27
Q

Resocialization

A

One discards old behaviors in favor of new ones

28
Q

Mores

A

Widely observed social norms

29
Q

Sanctions

A

Penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior
- Formal or informal

30
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions

31
Q

Agents of Socialization

A

Any part of society that is important when learning social norms and values

32
Q

Deviance

A

Violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

33
Q

Social Stigma

A

Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

34
Q

Labeling Theory

A

Labels given to a person affect not only how others respond to that person, but also affect the person’s self-image

35
Q

Role engulfment

A

Internalizing a label and assuming the role implied by the label may lead to the assumed role taking over a person’s identity

36
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

Intimate exposure to others who engage in deviant behavior lays the groundwork for people to engage in deviant behavior themselves

37
Q

Strain Theory

A

Explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure

38
Q

Conformity

A

Matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to a group or societal norms

39
Q

Internalization

A

Changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

40
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

Begins with a small request, and after gaining compliance, larger request is made

41
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

Large request made first, and if refused, smaller request is made

42
Q

Lowball technique

A

Initial commitment and then raised

43
Q

That’s-not-all technique

A

Made an offer, but before making a decision, told the deal is even better than expected

44
Q

Social Cognition

A

Ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

45
Q

Affective component of attitude

A

Way a person feels toward something emotional

46
Q

Behavioral component of attitude

A

Way a person acts with respect to something

47
Q

Cognitive component of attitude

A

Way a person thinks about something

48
Q

Functional Attitudes Theory

A

Attitudes serve 4 functions
- Knowledge
- Ego expression
- Adaptation
- Ego defense

49
Q

Learning Theory

A

Attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

50
Q

Elaboration Liklihood Model

A

Separates individuals on a continuum based on how they process persuasive info
- Central route
- Peripheral route

51
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Postulates that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behavior of others

Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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