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Behavioral Sciences > Chapter 2 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Aligns with transduction; taking the physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from our internal and external environment and converting this information into electrical signals in the nervous system
- Receptors in PNS
- Raw signals

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2
Q

Perception

A

Processing information within the CNS in order to make sense of the information’s significance

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3
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Neurons that respond to stimuli by triggering electrical signals that carry information to CNS

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4
Q

Distal Stimuli

A

Physical objects outside the body
- Produce photons, sound waves, heat, pressure…

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5
Q

Proximal Stimuli

A

Sensory-stimulating byproducts

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6
Q

Psychophysics

A

Relationship between the physical nature of stimuli and the sensations and perceptions these stimuli evoke

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7
Q

Ganglia

A

Collections of neuron cell bodies found outside CNS

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8
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum

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9
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

Respond to pressure or movement

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10
Q

Nocioceptors

A

Respond to painful or noxious stimuli

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11
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to changes in temperature

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12
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Respond to osmolarity of the blood

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13
Q

Olfactory Receptors

A

Respond to volatile compounds

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14
Q

Taste Receptors

A

Respond to dissolved compounds

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15
Q

Thresholds

A

Minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception

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16
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system
- Threshold in sensation

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17
Q

Threshold of Conscious Perception

A

Level of intensity a stimulus must pass in order to be consciously perceived by the brain

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18
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Minimum change in magnitude required for an observer to perceive that 2 stimuli are different

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19
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

Information received by the CNS but does not cross the threshold

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20
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Difference thresholds are proportional and must be computed as percentages

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21
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Studies how internal and external factors influence thresholds of sensation and perception

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22
Q

Sclera

A

Thick strucutral layer covering the exposed portion of the eye
- white of the eye

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23
Q

Choroidal Vessels

A

complex intermingling of blood vessels between sclera and retina

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24
Q

Retina

A

Innermost layer of the eye which contains photreceptors that transduce light into electrical information

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25
Q

Cornea

A

clear, dome-like window in the front of the eye
- Gathers and focuses incoming light

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26
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Chamber in front of the iris

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27
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Chamber between the iris and the lens

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28
Q

Iris

A

colored part of the eye

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29
Q

Dilator Pupillae

A

opens pupil under sympathetic

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30
Q

Constrictor Pupillae

A

Constrics pupil under parasympathetic

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31
Q

Choroid

A

Vascular layer of connective tissue that surrounds and provides nourishment to the retina

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32
Q

Ciliary Body

A

produces aqueous humor

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33
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

Bathes front part of the eye

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34
Q

Lens

A

Lies behind the iris and helps control refraction of incoming light

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35
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Transparent gel that supports the retina

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36
Q

Cones

A

Color vision and fine details
- short (s, blue)
- medium (m, green)
- Long (l, red)

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37
Q

Rods

A

Reduced illumination; light and dark
- pigment rhodospin

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38
Q

Macula

A

Central section of retina with a high # of cones

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39
Q

Fovea

A

Centermost region of macula
- only cones

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40
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

Highlight gradients between adjacent rods or cones

41
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Axons form optic nerve

42
Q

Amacrine and Horizontal Cells

A

Receive input from multiple retinal cells in the same area before info is passed on to ganglion cells
- Accentuate differences between visual info in each bipolar cells

43
Q

Visual Pathway

A

Retina —> optic nerve —> optic chiasm —> optic tract —> LGN of thalamus —> optic radiations —> visual cortical areas

44
Q

Visual Parallel Processing

A

Brain’s ability to analyze information regarding color, form, motion, and depth simultaneously

45
Q

Parvocellular cells

A

Analyze form
- High color spatial resolution (fine detail)
- Low temporal resolution (stationary or slow-moving)

46
Q

Magnocellular cells

A

Analyze motion
- High temporal, low spatial resolution

47
Q

Binocular Neurons

A

Analyze depth
- Compare inputs to each hemisphere

48
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Detects particular, individual feature of an object in the visual field

49
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

Ability to detect both rotational and linear acceleration and to use this information to inform our sense of balance and spatial orientation

50
Q

Ear is divided into 3 parts :

A

Outer, middle, and inner

51
Q

Pinna/Auricle

A

Channel sound waves to external auditory canal

52
Q

Tympanic Membrane (Ear drum)

A

Vibrates in phase with incoming sound waves
- Divides outer and middle ear

53
Q

Ossicles

A

Transmit and amplify vibrations from tympanic membrane to inner ear

54
Q

3 bones of middle ear

A

Malleus (hammer, Incus (anvil), and Stapes (stirrup)

55
Q

Oval window

A

Entrance to inner ear

56
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Helps equalize pressure between the middle ear and the environment

57
Q

Bony Labyrinth

A

Hollow region of the temporal bone containing the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals

58
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

Contains receptors for equilibrium and hearing

59
Q

Endolymph

A

Potassium-rich fluid

60
Q

Perilymph

A

Simultaneously transmits vibrations from outside world and cushions inner ear

61
Q

Cochlea

A

Spiral-shaped organ that contains receptors for hearing

62
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Hearing apparatus
- Rests on basilar membrane

63
Q

Vestibule

A

Portion of the bony labyrinth that contains utricle and saccule

64
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Sensitive to rotational acceleration
- End in ampullas

65
Q

Place Theory

A

The location of a hair cell on the basilar membrane determines the perception of pitch when that hair cell is vibrated
- High frequency —> close to oval window
- Low frequency —> Away from oval window

66
Q

Tonotopic

A

Which hair cells are vibrating gives brain indication of the pitch of sound

67
Q

Smell

A

Chemical sense; Responds to volatile or aerosolized compounds

68
Q

Olfactory pathway

A

Nasal passages —> olfactory nerves —> olfactory bulb —> olfactory tract —> brain (limbic system)

69
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect taste, sensitive to dissolved compounds

70
Q

Taste buds

A

Receptors for taste located on papillae of tongue

71
Q

Taste Pathway

A

Taste buds —> brainstem —> taste center in thalamus —> brain

72
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Deep pressure and vibration

73
Q

Meissner Corpuscles

A

Light touch

74
Q

Merkel Cells (discs)

A

Deep pressure, texture

74
Q

Ruffini endings

A

Stretch

75
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Pain and temperature

76
Q

Sensory pathway

A

Transduction in receptors —> CNS —> somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe

77
Q

Two-point Threshold

A

Minimum distance necessary between 2 points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felts as 2 distinct stimuli

78
Q

Gate theory of pain

A

A special “gating” mechanism can turn pain signals on or off

79
Q

Proprioception

A

Ability to tell where one’s body is in space

80
Q

Proprioceptors

A

receptors fro kinesthetic sense

81
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection
- Cohesive image before determining object
- Data driven

82
Q

Top-down Processing

A

Recognize whole object then their components based on expectations
- Conceptually driven

83
Q

Perceptual Organization

A

Ability to create a complete picture or idea by combining top-down and bottom-up processing with all other sensory clues

84
Q

Monocular cues

A

Visual cues that only require one eye

85
Q

Relative size

A

Objects appear larger the closer they are

86
Q

Interposition

A

When 2 objects overlap, the one in front is closer

87
Q

Linear perspective

A

Convergence of parallel lines at a distance : greater convergence, further the distance

88
Q

Motion Parallax

A

Objects closer to us seem to move faster when we change our field of vision

89
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

The slight difference in images projected on 2 retinas

90
Q

Convergence

A

Brain detects the angle between the 2 eyes required to bring an object to focus

91
Q

Constancy

A

Ability to perceive that certain characteristics of objects remain the same despite changes in environment

92
Q

Gestalt principles

Pic

A

Set of general rules that account for the fact that the brain tends to view incomplete stimuli in organzied, patterned ways

93
Q

Law of proximity

A

Elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

94
Q

Law of Similarity

A

Objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

95
Q

Law of Good Continuation

A

Elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together

96
Q

Subjective Contours

A

Perceiving contours, and shapes, that are not actually present in stimulus

97
Q

Law of Closure

A

When space is enclosed by contour, space tends to be perceived as complete figure

98
Q

Law of Pragnaz

A

Perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible

Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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