Kahneman: Thinking, Fast and Slow Flashcards
What is the theoretical angle with Kahneman?
Error and biases
What is Kahneman talking about in a simplified version?
What our brains are not good at doing. Brain develops slower than society. Brain is from long back.
How does Kahneman and Gigerenzer differ in their definition of heuristics? How are they similar?
Kahneman: “Heuristic is a simple procedure that helps find adequate, though often imperfect, answers to difficult questions”
-> He explains heuristics when discussing substitution (of a difficult question for a ‘easier one’)
Gigerenzer: “Heuristics is a strategy that ignores part of the information with the goal of making decisions more quickly, frugally, and/or accurately than more complex methods.”
Both of them perceive heuristics as a shortcut.
Why should we reduce bias according to Kahneman?
The difference between ideal (rationality) and reality is our bias. We should therefore reduce bias.
People use heuristics and that can sometimes lead to systematic biases in decisions.
What can we do about it according to Kahneman?
Identify biases, explain and help us accept it, de-bias where possible
Shortly, define system 1 and system 2.
System 1: Auto-pilot, hyper active
System 2: Conscious action, lazy
Which concepts are related to system 2?
Attention: Consciously give something attention
Self-control: Keep giving it attention
Activation and de-bias.
Which concepts are related to system 1?
Associate machine: Good to make connections between things
Cognitive ease: Range between “Easy” and “strained”.
- Easy (system 1): No threats, no major news, no need for increased effort.
- Strained (system 2): Called “cognitive strain”.
Coherence: We tend to attribute intention to things that have no intention at all. We try to find coherence.
WYSIATI: (More later.)
How does Kahneman characterize attention and self-control?
Attention/self-control is limited. But self-control can be forced, attention cannot.
To deal with attention: learn.
Learning is like a discount
We try to minimise effort (cost) by learning if we perceive it will help
Examples of cognitive biases (not specifically from Kahneman).
We are optimists: We think we are better than we are
We hate loosing more than we like winning
The order of events matter (from Kahneman)
Our memory and perceptions are selective
How can we help our thinking according to Kahneman?
Accept the systems, learn to slow down when it matters, educate system 1, train self-control
Pointen fra “The Invisible Gorilla”.
Intens fokus på en opgave kan gøre folk effektivt blinde eller døve, selv overfor stimuli, der normalt tiltrækker opmærksomheden - se eksempelvis ”The invisible gorilla” for at opleve = gorilla studiet illustrerer to vigtige fakta om vores sind: vi kan være blinde for det åbenlyse, og vi er også blinde for vores blindhed.
Hvornår arbejder hhv. system 1 og system 2?
Kahneman beskriver system 1 og system 2 som at værende altid aktive. Hvor system 1 er i kontrol det meste af tiden, og system 2 ligger i baggrunden. Det er først når system 1 bliver udfodret nok, at det “kalder” på system 2, altså den aktive tankevirksomhed, for at træffe en beslutning der er for uoverskuelig eller svær for system 1. Der foregår altså et samarbejde mellem de to systemet så hele systemet fungere så hurtigt og effektivt som muligt.
Udfordringer for system 1 og 2.
System 2 har sidste ord, når der skal træffes en beslutning. System 1 giver impulser videre til system 2, og system 1 kan aldrig slukkes.
Udfordringer er om vi kan overkomme de impulser vores system 1 giver os. Vi kan kun overkomme det ved at monitorere vores indtryk med vores system 2. Vi kan dog ikke altid reagere ud fra system 2 da det er for langsomt.
Er system 1 og system 2 videnskabelig korrekte termer?
Kahneman beskriver hans ordvalg af system 1 og system 2. Han mener at vi ikke kan se dem som seperate systemer eller steder i hjerne der aktiveres. System 1 og system 2 er blot “kælenavne” for en proces der fungere i hjernen som man kan kalde det automatiske system (system 1) og det anstrengende system (system 2).