Jeopardy Flashcards
Piaget proposed these mental systems were built from perception and experience
Schemes
More recent theories that integrate findings about attention, memory, and strategy with Piaget’s insights
Neo-Piagetian Theories
Emphasizes role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society
Sociocultural theory
Example: A parent letting their baby explore different toys, or a parent naming commonly used objects to their baby helps develop which framework
Cognitive development
Focus on the nature of self-understanding, relationships with others and the mental support connections between people
Psychological perspective
An educated guess
Hypothesis
Systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to improve teaching for their students
Action research
Intensive study of one person or one situation
Case study
A type of research that could involve surveys to gather their data in terms of a percentage for their results
Quantitative
A correlation pattern where as the trend in group A increased, the trend in group B increased as well
Positive correlation
Nerve cells that store and transfer information
Neuron
The ability of our brain to adapt throughout life based on our experiences
Plasticity
An injury to this part of the brain could result in an individual having difficulty making decisions and planning
Frontal lobe
The space between neuron cells
Synaptic cleft
This process produces new neurons in the brain
Neurogenesis
Erikson borrowed from his ideas to create his stages of development
Freud
Infants (0-18 months) must have nourishment and affection for a positive outcome in this conflict
Trust vs mistrust
In early childhood (3-6 years), a child will take control of activities, but will feel bad if they overstep their bounds
Initiative vs guilt
Mark is 66 and is bitter because he believes he hasn’t had a good life
Ego integrity vs despair
Jamie will not admit he likes to play video games and tries out for the football team to fit in with the popular boys in his class
Identity vs role confusion
A person’s general sense of themselves along with all their beliefs, emotions, values, commitments, and attitudes
Identity
Erik Erikson has this many stages of psychosocial development
Eight
A child obeys rules just to avoid punishment and bad consequences, they are at this stage and level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
Stage 1, pre conventional level
A delay in commitment to personal and occupational choices
Moratorium
This percentage of students change their major at least once
80%
These approaches to raising children, identified by psychologist Diana Baumrind include authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive
Parenting styles
A parent that says it’s “my way or the highway” is using this type of parenting style
Authoritarian style
Children who are immature, sad, and lonely tend to have a parent who uses this parenting style
Neglectful
This parenting style, marked by warmth, support, and reasonable expectations, encourages independence while maintaining clear boundaries
Authoritative parenting
This alternative parenting style introduced by Ruth Chai challenges the four parenting styles developed by Dianne Baumrind as not good characterization of Chinese culture
Chiao Shun
These motor skills involve the coordination and control of large muscle groups to performa activities such as running, jumping, and throwing
Gross motor skills
Jill has this condition that caused her to lose 30% of her body weight because she refuses to eat and could potentially starve herself to death
Anorexia
This term refers to times when. a person is particularly ready to learn specific things or is responsive to certain experiences
Sensitive period
This term describes the process of forming an emotional bond with another person, typically stating with a parent or family member
Attachment
A framework that talks about microsystems, mesosystems, and exosystems
Ecological systems theory
This measures electrical patterns in the brain by using electrodes attached to the scalp
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
This shows the activity in different parts of the brain when different actions (such as reading, speaking, painting) are performed
Position Emission Tomography (PET scan)
This type of scan helps doctors locate tumors in the brain, but must be used sparingly due to radiation exposure
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT scan)
This shows moment-by-moment blood flow throughout the brain during different types of activities; it has mostly replaced the PET scan
Functioning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
This imaging technique uses near-infrared light transmitted into the brain using an optical fiber to detect brain activity
Near-infared Optical Tomography (NIR-OT)
A young child loses his ball behind the couch and thinks it doesn’t exist now that he can’t see it
Object permanence
A mental framework that helps individuals organize, process, and store information about their environment
Schema
Adding new information to a schema
Assimilation
Using the mnemonic “Some People Can’t Fight” gives us this fourth stage of cognitive development
Formal operational
A child learns about bears and dogs. now she has created two separate schemas to correctly organize and store her knowledge on the different subjects
Accommodation
The theory that social interaction and cultural context significantly shape a person’s cognitive development
Sociocultural theory
Vygotsky could have called this the Goldilocks area for learning
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky would encourage teachers to employ this strategy to help students navigate the ZPD
Scaffolding
A parent and a child are aiming to solve an issue on where a child has misplaced an item. The parent goes thorough a list of possible places where the child may have left the item. The child answers no until the parent mentions a likely place the item was left, where they answer, “I think so”.
Co-constructed process
This type of speech occurs among children in social group settings, when children can’t see the world through the eyes of others yet. This type of egocentric speech helps children begin socializing, but rarely considers the interests of the listeners
Collective monologue
Piaget borrowed this concept from Freud’s id, and used it to explain why children (and adults) can have trouble seeing things from a mother perspective
Egocentrism
(CC or OC) Jimmy studies hard for his test and receives a good grade. His A+ gives him the motivation to continue studying hard for future tests
Operant conditioning
(CC or OC) A cat learns to run to the food bowl when they hear the food bag shake. Now the cat comes running when i’s owner makes a bowl of cereal because of the sound of it being poured
Classical conditioning
(CC or OC) A teacher in a busy classroom has taught her students to quiet down after she claps three times
Classical conditioning
(CC or OC) A parent is waiting in line at a grocery store and their child is screaming to go home. To make him stop, the parents give him a candy bar
Operant conditioning
A person responds to a joke with laughter, even though they did not find it funny
Classical conditioning
Guarantees a free public education to all children regardless of disability
Individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)
These are revised yearly for exceptional students, detailing present achievement level, goals, and strategies, drawn up by teachers, specialists, parents, and sometimes students
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
A student tis reluctant to try new forms of learning based on past failures, convinced nothing will work
Learned helplessness
A part of civil rights law that prevents discrimination against people with disabilities in programs that receive federal funds, such as public schools
Section 504
The model that stands for the following- continual formative assessment, clear listening goals, data-driven learning experiences, authentic products, and rich curriculum
The clear model
General cognitive ability that is related in varying degrees to performance on all mental tests
General intelligence
Intelligence testing, a performance that represents average abilities for that age group
Mental age
Figures such as Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking are famous for having a high one of these
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Because of better health, smaller families, increased complexity in the environment, and better schooling, IQ test scores are steadily rising
The Flynn effect
Thinking processes, coping with new experiences, and adapting to context are all involved with this theory
Triarchic theory of successful intelligence
able to speak two languages fluently and confidently
Bilingual
Someone from the midwest may say pop, while those from the west coast may say soda
Dialect
Schools may label a student this if they are in the process of learning English, or if their first language is not English
English Language Learners (ELL’s)
A school program designed to teach English rapidly by maximizing instruction in English and using English at a level appropriate for the English learner
Structured English immersion (SEI)
The skills and knowledge, typically developed in preschool, that are the foundation for the development of reading and writing
Emergent literacy
Tina places gummy bears after each paragraph in her book so she can enjoy one after reading each paragraph
Positive reinforcement
Presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior
Removal punishment
Providing a stimulus hat “sets up” a desired behavior
Cueing
A teacher tells her student that they may color one page (preferred activity), but then they will have to answer 10 math problems before coloring another page (less preferred activity)
Premack principle
