Jeopardy Flashcards by Meleah Hess

Piaget proposed these mental systems were built from perception and experience

Schemes

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More recent theories that integrate findings about attention, memory, and strategy with Piaget’s insights

Neo-Piagetian Theories

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Emphasizes role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society

Sociocultural theory

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Example: A parent letting their baby explore different toys, or a parent naming commonly used objects to their baby helps develop which framework

Cognitive development

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Focus on the nature of self-understanding, relationships with others and the mental support connections between people

Psychological perspective

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An educated guess

Hypothesis

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Systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to improve teaching for their students

Action research

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Intensive study of one person or one situation

Case study

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A type of research that could involve surveys to gather their data in terms of a percentage for their results

Quantitative

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A correlation pattern where as the trend in group A increased, the trend in group B increased as well

Positive correlation

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Nerve cells that store and transfer information

Neuron

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The ability of our brain to adapt throughout life based on our experiences

Plasticity

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An injury to this part of the brain could result in an individual having difficulty making decisions and planning

Frontal lobe

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The space between neuron cells

Synaptic cleft

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This process produces new neurons in the brain

Neurogenesis

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Erikson borrowed from his ideas to create his stages of development

Freud

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Infants (0-18 months) must have nourishment and affection for a positive outcome in this conflict

Trust vs mistrust

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In early childhood (3-6 years), a child will take control of activities, but will feel bad if they overstep their bounds

Initiative vs guilt

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Mark is 66 and is bitter because he believes he hasn’t had a good life

Ego integrity vs despair

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Jamie will not admit he likes to play video games and tries out for the football team to fit in with the popular boys in his class

Identity vs role confusion

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A person’s general sense of themselves along with all their beliefs, emotions, values, commitments, and attitudes

Identity

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Erik Erikson has this many stages of psychosocial development

Eight

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A child obeys rules just to avoid punishment and bad consequences, they are at this stage and level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

Stage 1, pre conventional level

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A delay in commitment to personal and occupational choices

Moratorium

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This percentage of students change their major at least once

80%

These approaches to raising children, identified by psychologist Diana Baumrind include authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive

Parenting styles

A parent that says it's "my way or the highway" is using this type of parenting style

Authoritarian style

Children who are immature, sad, and lonely tend to have a parent who uses this parenting style

Neglectful

This parenting style, marked by warmth, support, and reasonable expectations, encourages independence while maintaining clear boundaries

Authoritative parenting

This alternative parenting style introduced by Ruth Chai challenges the four parenting styles developed by Dianne Baumrind as not good characterization of Chinese culture

Chiao Shun

These motor skills involve the coordination and control of large muscle groups to performa activities such as running, jumping, and throwing

Gross motor skills

Jill has this condition that caused her to lose 30% of her body weight because she refuses to eat and could potentially starve herself to death

Anorexia

This term refers to times when. a person is particularly ready to learn specific things or is responsive to certain experiences

Sensitive period

This term describes the process of forming an emotional bond with another person, typically stating with a parent or family member

Attachment

A framework that talks about microsystems, mesosystems, and exosystems

Ecological systems theory

This measures electrical patterns in the brain by using electrodes attached to the scalp

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

This shows the activity in different parts of the brain when different actions (such as reading, speaking, painting) are performed

Position Emission Tomography (PET scan)

This type of scan helps doctors locate tumors in the brain, but must be used sparingly due to radiation exposure

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT scan)

This shows moment-by-moment blood flow throughout the brain during different types of activities; it has mostly replaced the PET scan

Functioning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

This imaging technique uses near-infrared light transmitted into the brain using an optical fiber to detect brain activity

Near-infared Optical Tomography (NIR-OT)

A young child loses his ball behind the couch and thinks it doesn't exist now that he can't see it

Object permanence

A mental framework that helps individuals organize, process, and store information about their environment

Schema

Adding new information to a schema

Assimilation

Using the mnemonic "Some People Can't Fight" gives us this fourth stage of cognitive development

Formal operational

A child learns about bears and dogs. now she has created two separate schemas to correctly organize and store her knowledge on the different subjects

Accommodation

The theory that social interaction and cultural context significantly shape a person's cognitive development

Sociocultural theory

Vygotsky could have called this the Goldilocks area for learning

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky would encourage teachers to employ this strategy to help students navigate the ZPD

Scaffolding

A parent and a child are aiming to solve an issue on where a child has misplaced an item. The parent goes thorough a list of possible places where the child may have left the item. The child answers no until the parent mentions a likely place the item was left, where they answer, "I think so".

Co-constructed process

This type of speech occurs among children in social group settings, when children can't see the world through the eyes of others yet. This type of egocentric speech helps children begin socializing, but rarely considers the interests of the listeners

Collective monologue

Piaget borrowed this concept from Freud's id, and used it to explain why children (and adults) can have trouble seeing things from a mother perspective

Egocentrism

(CC or OC) Jimmy studies hard for his test and receives a good grade. His A+ gives him the motivation to continue studying hard for future tests

Operant conditioning

(CC or OC) A cat learns to run to the food bowl when they hear the food bag shake. Now the cat comes running when i's owner makes a bowl of cereal because of the sound of it being poured

Classical conditioning

(CC or OC) A teacher in a busy classroom has taught her students to quiet down after she claps three times

Classical conditioning

(CC or OC) A parent is waiting in line at a grocery store and their child is screaming to go home. To make him stop, the parents give him a candy bar

Operant conditioning

A person responds to a joke with laughter, even though they did not find it funny

Classical conditioning

Guarantees a free public education to all children regardless of disability

Individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)

These are revised yearly for exceptional students, detailing present achievement level, goals, and strategies, drawn up by teachers, specialists, parents, and sometimes students

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

A student tis reluctant to try new forms of learning based on past failures, convinced nothing will work

Learned helplessness

A part of civil rights law that prevents discrimination against people with disabilities in programs that receive federal funds, such as public schools

Section 504

The model that stands for the following- continual formative assessment, clear listening goals, data-driven learning experiences, authentic products, and rich curriculum

The clear model

General cognitive ability that is related in varying degrees to performance on all mental tests

General intelligence

Intelligence testing, a performance that represents average abilities for that age group

Mental age

Figures such as Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking are famous for having a high one of these

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Because of better health, smaller families, increased complexity in the environment, and better schooling, IQ test scores are steadily rising

The Flynn effect

Thinking processes, coping with new experiences, and adapting to context are all involved with this theory

Triarchic theory of successful intelligence

able to speak two languages fluently and confidently

Bilingual

Someone from the midwest may say pop, while those from the west coast may say soda

Dialect

Schools may label a student this if they are in the process of learning English, or if their first language is not English

English Language Learners (ELL's)

A school program designed to teach English rapidly by maximizing instruction in English and using English at a level appropriate for the English learner

Structured English immersion (SEI)

The skills and knowledge, typically developed in preschool, that are the foundation for the development of reading and writing

Emergent literacy

Tina places gummy bears after each paragraph in her book so she can enjoy one after reading each paragraph

Positive reinforcement

Presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior

Removal punishment

Providing a stimulus hat "sets up" a desired behavior

Cueing

A teacher tells her student that they may color one page (preferred activity), but then they will have to answer 10 math problems before coloring another page (less preferred activity)

Premack principle