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EDPS 600 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Acronym

A

A word formed from the initial letters of a phrase or name.

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2
Q

Attention

A

The ability to focus awareness on a particular stimulus or task.

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3
Q

Automated basic skills

A

Skills performed effortlessly and without conscious thought, often through

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4
Q

Automaticity

A

The ability to perform tasks without conscious effort or attention.

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5
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Information processing that starts with the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing.

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6
Q

Central executive

A

Part of the working memory system responsible for coordinating cognitive processes and allocating attention.

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7
Q

Chain mnemonics

A

A memory technique where items are linked together in a chain, each item reminding of the next.

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8
Q

Chunking

A

Combining individual pieces of information into larger units, or “chunks,” to improve memory.

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9
Q

Cognitive load

A

The mental effort required to process information in working memory.

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10
Q

Cognitive science

A

The interdisciplinary study of how information is processed by the brain and how it influences behavior.

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11
Q

Cognitive view of learning

A

The perspective that learning involves the acquisition and restructuring of knowledge in the mind.

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12
Q

Concept

A

Mental representations of categories or ideas that share common characteristics.

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13
Q

Context

A

The circumstances or environment in which learning or remembering occurs.

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14
Q

Decay

A

The fading or weakening of memories over time due to disuse.

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15
Q

Declarative knowledge

A

Knowledge that can be explicitly stated or described.

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16
Q

Defining attribute

A

The essential characteristic or features that define a concept or category.

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17
Q

Deliberate practice

A

Purposeful and systematic practice aimed at improving performance.

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18
Q

Desirable difficulty

A

Introducing challenges or obstacles during learning that enhance retention and understanding.

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19
Q

Distributed learning/practice

A

Spreading out study or practice sessions over time to enhance long-term retention.

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20
Q

Domain-specific knowledge

A

Knowledge that is specific to a particular subject or field.

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21
Q

Domain-specific strategies

A

Problem-solving techniques or approaches specific to a particular subject area.

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22
Q

Dual coding theory

A

The theory that memory is enhanced when information is processed both verbally and visually.

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23
Q

Elaboration

A

Expanding upon new information by connecting it to existing knowledge or experiences.

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24
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

A memory strategy involving associating new information with existing knowledge to aid in retention.

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25
Q

Episodic buffer

A

A component of working memory responsible for integrating information from different sources into coherent episodes.

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26
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory of specific events or experiences linked to a particular time and place.

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27
Q

Exemplar

A

A specific instance or example used to represent a category or concept.

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28
Q

Explicit memory

A

Conscious and intentional memory retrieval, typically involving facts or events.

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29
Q

Extraneous cognitive load

A

Mental processing demands unrelated to the learning task that can impede learning.

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30
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Vivid and detailed memories of significant events, often emotionally charged.

31
Q

General knowledge

A

Broad, nonspecific information about the world.

32
Q

Gestalt

A

The theory that the whole of perception is different from the sum of its parts.

33
Q

Images

A

Mental representations of sensory experiences, often visual but can involve other senses.

34
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memory that operates unconsciously and affects behavior or thought without conscious awareness.

35
Q

Information processing

A

The cognitive processes involved in encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

36
Q

Interference

A

Drawing conclusions or making deductions based on evidence and reasoning.

37
Q

Interleaved practice

A

Mixing different types of practice or study tasks within a single session to enhance learning.

38
Q

Intrinsic cognitive load

A

The mental effort required by the complexity of the learning task itself.

39
Q

Keyword method

A

A mnemonic technique that involves associating unfamiliar words with familiar words or phrases to aid memory.

40
Q

Levels of processing theory

A

The theory that memory recall is influenced by the depth of processing, with deeper processing leading to better retention.

41
Q

Loci method

A

A mnemonic technique that involves mentally associating items to be remembered with specific locations in a familiar environment.

42
Q

Long term memory

A

The system of memory responsible for storing information over extended periods of time.

43
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory without deeper processing.

44
Q

Massed practice

A

Concentrated practice or study sessions without breaks, often leading to less effective learning compared to distributed practice.

45
Q

Mirror systems

A

Neural systems in the brain that activate both when performing an action and when observing someone else perform the same action.

46
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids or techniques used to enhance the retention of information.

47
Q

Organization

A

Arranging information into meaningful and manageable structures or categories to aid memory and understanding.

48
Q

Part learning

A

Breaking down complex skills or tasks into smaller parts and mastering each part individually before integrating them.

49
Q

Perception

A

The process of recognizing, interpreting, and making sense of sensory information received from the environment.

50
Q

Phonological loop

A

A component of working memory responsible for the temporary storage and rehearsal of verbal information.

51
Q

Priming

A

The activation of particular associations in memory, often unconsciously, which influences subsequent behavior or thoughts.

52
Q

Procedural knowledge

A

Knowledge of how to perform tasks or activities, often acquired through practice and experience.

53
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory for how to perform specific tasks or skills.

54
Q

Productions

A

Rules or procedures that govern behavior or problem-solving in cognitive models.

55
Q

Propositional network

A

A model of semantic memory organization where concepts are represented as nodes connected by relationships or associations.

56
Q

Prototype

A

A typical or idealized representation of a concept based on shared features.

57
Q

Reconstruction

A

The process of rebuilding or reassembling past events or experiences based on available information and schema.

58
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of accessing and bringing information from memory into consciousness.

59
Q

Retrieval practice/testing effect

A

The phenomenon where actively recalling information from memory, such as through testing, enhances long-term retention.

60
Q

Rote memorization

A

Learning information through repetition without necessarily understanding its meaning or context.

61
Q

Schemas

A

Mental frameworks or structures used to organize and interpret information based on prior knowledge and experiences.

62
Q

Script

A

A type of schema that represents typical sequences of events or actions in familiar situations.

63
Q

Self regulatory knowledge

A

Knowledge about one’s own cognitive processes and strategies used to regulate learning and problem-solving.

64
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, independent of personal experiences.

65
Q

Sensory memory

A

The initial stage of memory that holds sensory information from the environment for a brief period of time.

66
Q

Serial-position effect

A

The tendency to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than those in the middle.

67
Q

Short term memory

A

The temporary storage system responsible for holding a small amount of information for a short duration, typically around 20-30 seconds.

68
Q

Spreading activation

A

The process by which activating one node in a semantic network increases the likelihood of related nodes becoming activated.

69
Q

Story grammar

A

The underlying structure or organization of narratives, including elements such as characters, setting, plot, and resolution.

70
Q

Theory based

A

Approaches or methods in psychology that are based on theoretical frameworks or principles.

71
Q

Top down

A

Processing information by starting with higher-level cognitive processes, such as expectations and context, to guide lower-level processing.

72
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

A component of working memory responsible for temporarily storing and manipulating visual and spatial information.

73
Q

Working memory

A

The system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information required for complex cognitive tasks.

EDPS 600 (14 decks)

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