Chapter 9

Question 1

Algorithm

Answer 1

Step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem or completing a task, often guaranteed to produce a correct solution.

Question 2

Analogical thinking

Answer 2

Problem-solving strategy that involves finding similarities between current problem and past experiences or situations.

Question 3

Argumentation

Answer 3

The process of constructing and evaluating arguments or claims using evidence and reasoning.

Question 4

Availability heuristic

Answer 4

Mental shortcut where people base judgments on the ease with which examples come to mind.

Question 5

Belief perseverance

Answer 5

Tendency to cling to initial beliefs even when presented with evidence to the contrary.

Question 6

CAPS (Cognitive Apprenticeship Pedagogical Strategies)

Answer 6

Teaching approach that involves modeling, scaffolding, and coaching to support students’ cognitive development.

Question 7

Cmaps

Answer 7

An internet tool used to create and generate concept maps.

Question 8

Concept map

Answer 8

Visual representation of interconnected concepts or ideas, often used to organize and represent knowledge.

Question 9

Confirmation bias

Answer 9

Tendency to search for, interpret, and favor information that confirms existing beliefs or hypotheses.

Question 10

Critical thinking

Answer 10

The ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information to form reasoned judgments or decisions.

Question 11

Embodied cognition

Answer 11

The theory that cognitive processes are influenced by bodily sensations, movements, and interactions with the environment.

Question 12

Executive control process

Answer 12

Cognitive processes involved in planning, organizing, and regulating behavior to achieve goals.

Question 13

Functional fixedness

Answer 13

The tendency to perceive objects only in terms of their typical uses, limiting problem-solving ability.

Question 14

Heuristic

Answer 14

Mental shortcut or rule of thumb that simplifies problem-solving but does not guarantee a correct solution.

Question 15

KWL

Answer 15

A learning strategy involving three stages: What I Know, What I Want to know, and What I Learned.

Question 16

Learning strategies

Answer 16

Techniques or approaches used to enhance learning, understanding, and retention of information.

Question 17

Means-end analysis

Answer 17

Problem-solving strategy that involves breaking a problem into subgoals and working towards reducing the difference between the current state and the goal state.

Question 18

Metacognition

Answer 18

Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes, including planning, monitoring, and evaluating cognitive activities.

Question 19

Overlearning

Answer 19

Continued practice of a skill or concept beyond the point of initial mastery to enhance retention and automaticity.

Question 20

Problem

Answer 20

A situation where a desired outcome is not immediately achievable and requires thought or action to resolve.

Question 21

Problem solving

Answer 21

The process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues through logical reasoning and systematic approaches.

Question 22

Production deficiency

Answer 22

A situation where individuals fail to spontaneously use strategies or problem-solving techniques even though they have been taught them.

Question 23

READS

Answer 23

A set of evidence-based strategies designed to enhance academic performance and learning outcomes.

Question 24

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 24

A mental shortcut where judgments or decisions are made based on how closely an object or situation resembles a typical prototype.

Question 25

Response set

Answer 25

Tendency to respond to questions or stimuli in a consistent, predetermined manner regardless of their content.

Question 26

Retrieval practice/testing effect

Answer 26

The phenomenon where actively recalling information from memory, such as through testing, enhances long-term retention.

Question 27

Schema driven problem solving

Answer 27

Problem-solving approach where existing knowledge structures or schemas are used to guide understanding and solution strategies.

Question 28

Transfer

Answer 28

The application of knowledge, skills, or strategies learned in one context to solve problems or tasks in a different context.

Question 29

Verbalization

Answer 29

The act of expressing thoughts, ideas, or problem-solving strategies aloud.