Chapter 9 Flashcards
Algorithm
Step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem or completing a task, often guaranteed to produce a correct solution.
Analogical thinking
Problem-solving strategy that involves finding similarities between current problem and past experiences or situations.
Argumentation
The process of constructing and evaluating arguments or claims using evidence and reasoning.
Availability heuristic
Mental shortcut where people base judgments on the ease with which examples come to mind.
Belief perseverance
Tendency to cling to initial beliefs even when presented with evidence to the contrary.
CAPS (Cognitive Apprenticeship Pedagogical Strategies)
Teaching approach that involves modeling, scaffolding, and coaching to support students’ cognitive development.
Cmaps
An internet tool used to create and generate concept maps.
Concept map
Visual representation of interconnected concepts or ideas, often used to organize and represent knowledge.
Confirmation bias
Tendency to search for, interpret, and favor information that confirms existing beliefs or hypotheses.
Critical thinking
The ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information to form reasoned judgments or decisions.
Embodied cognition
The theory that cognitive processes are influenced by bodily sensations, movements, and interactions with the environment.
Executive control process
Cognitive processes involved in planning, organizing, and regulating behavior to achieve goals.
Functional fixedness
The tendency to perceive objects only in terms of their typical uses, limiting problem-solving ability.
Heuristic
Mental shortcut or rule of thumb that simplifies problem-solving but does not guarantee a correct solution.
KWL
A learning strategy involving three stages: What I Know, What I Want to know, and What I Learned.
Learning strategies
Techniques or approaches used to enhance learning, understanding, and retention of information.
Means-end analysis
Problem-solving strategy that involves breaking a problem into subgoals and working towards reducing the difference between the current state and the goal state.
Metacognition
Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes, including planning, monitoring, and evaluating cognitive activities.
Overlearning
Continued practice of a skill or concept beyond the point of initial mastery to enhance retention and automaticity.
Problem
A situation where a desired outcome is not immediately achievable and requires thought or action to resolve.
Problem solving
The process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues through logical reasoning and systematic approaches.
Production deficiency
A situation where individuals fail to spontaneously use strategies or problem-solving techniques even though they have been taught them.
READS
A set of evidence-based strategies designed to enhance academic performance and learning outcomes.
Representativeness heuristic
A mental shortcut where judgments or decisions are made based on how closely an object or situation resembles a typical prototype.
Response set
Tendency to respond to questions or stimuli in a consistent, predetermined manner regardless of their content.
Retrieval practice/testing effect
The phenomenon where actively recalling information from memory, such as through testing, enhances long-term retention.
Schema driven problem solving
Problem-solving approach where existing knowledge structures or schemas are used to guide understanding and solution strategies.
Transfer
The application of knowledge, skills, or strategies learned in one context to solve problems or tasks in a different context.
Verbalization
The act of expressing thoughts, ideas, or problem-solving strategies aloud.
