Chapter 4 Flashcards
Absence Seizure
A brief and sudden lapse in consciousness, characterized by a blank stare and lack of responsiveness. Often seen in individuals with epilepsy, especially children.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Legislation in the United States that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It ensures equal opportunities and access to services and facilities for individuals with disabilities.
Articulation Disorders
Difficulties in the physical production of speech sounds, leading to unclear or inaccurate pronunciation. Common in children but can persist into adulthood.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, often affecting academic and social functioning.
Autism/Autism Spectrum Disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by challenges in social communication, repetitive behaviors, and a range of strengths and differences in cognitive abilities. It exists on a spectrum, with varying degrees of severity.
Automaticity
The ability to perform tasks or skills with little conscious effort, often achieved through practice and repetition. It allows cognitive resources to be allocated to other aspects of a task.
Brainstorming
A creative problem-solving technique that involves generating a large number of ideas in a group setting, encouraging free thinking and contributions without immediate evaluation.
Cerebral Palsy
A group of motor disorders caused by damage to the developing brain, affecting muscle control and coordination. It can lead to challenges in movement, posture, and balance.
Convergent Thinking
The cognitive process of finding a single, correct solution to a well-defined problem. It involves logical and focused thinking to arrive at a specific answer.
Creativity
The ability to generate novel and valuable ideas, solutions, or products. It involves thinking outside the box, making unique connections, and embracing originality.
Crystalized Intelligence
Acquired knowledge and skills accumulated over time, reflecting a person’s cultural and educational experiences.
Deviation IQ
A measure of intelligence that expresses an individual’s IQ score in relation to the average score within their age group.
Disability
A condition that limits an individual’s ability to perform certain tasks or activities. In the context of education, accommodations may be provided to support learning.
Divergent Thinking
A thought process that involves generating creative ideas by exploring multiple possible solutions to a problem.
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Conditions that impact emotional well-being and behavior, often affecting academic and social functioning.
Epilepsy
A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Fluid Intelligence
The ability to solve novel problems, reason abstractly, and adapt to new situations, often considered independent of prior learning.
Fluency Disorder
Impairment in the rate, rhythm, and continuity of speech, such as stuttering or cluttering.
Flynn Effect
The observed trend of a steady increase in average IQ scores over time, suggesting a rise in cognitive abilities across generations.
Focal Seizure
Seizure activity that originates in a specific area of the brain, often causing localized symptoms.
Free, appropriate public education (FAPE)
The legal mandate that individuals with disabilities are entitled to receive an education tailored to their specific needs at public expense.
General Intelligence
The idea of a single, underlying factor that contributes to performance on various cognitive tasks, often referred to as “g factor.”
Generalized tonic-clonic seizure
A type of seizure involving loss of consciousness, muscle rigidity, and convulsions affecting the entire body.
Gifted and talented
Individuals with exceptional abilities or potential in specific areas, often requiring special educational provisions.
Handicap
A limitation imposed on an individual due to a disability, affecting their ability to engage in certain activities.
Identity-first Reference
A preference for referring to individuals by their disability (e.g., “autistic”) as a way of embracing and affirming their identity.
Inclusion
The practice of integrating students with disabilities into general education classrooms, fostering a sense of belonging and equal opportunities.
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
A customized plan developed for students with disabilities, outlining specific educational goals and support services.
Individuals with disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
A U.S. federal law ensuring that students with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education tailored to their needs.
Insight
A sudden and clear understanding of a complex problem or concept, often accompanied by a sense of confidence.
Integration
The inclusion of diverse students into the same educational environment, fostering interaction and mutual understanding.
Intellectual Disabilities/Mental Retardation
Significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors, affecting everyday social and practical skills.
Intelligence
The capacity to learn, reason, problem-solve, and adapt to the environment.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
A numerical measure of an individual’s intelligence derived from standardized tests.
Learned Helplessness
A psychological concept where individuals come to believe they have no control over their environment, leading to passivity and lack of initiative.
Learning Disability
A neurological condition that affects a person’s ability to acquire, process, or retain information, often leading to difficulties in academic performance.
Learning Preferences
Individualized ways in which learners prefer to approach and process information.
Learning Styles
Preferred methods of learning, such as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic, that individuals find most effective for acquiring new information.
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
The principle that students with disabilities should be educated in the most inclusive setting possible, while still meeting their unique needs.
Legally Blind
Having a visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with correction or having a restricted field of vision.
Low vision
Significant visual impairment that is not fully correctable with glasses or contact lenses but still allows for some degree of functional vision.
Mainstreaming
The practice of placing students with disabilities in regular education classrooms for part or all of the school day.
Mental Age
A concept used in intelligence testing to represent the age at which an individual’s performance matches the average performance of individuals in a particular chronological age group.
Pervasive Developmental Disorder
A category of disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and behavior.
Response to Intervention (RtI)
A multi-tiered approach to identify and support students with learning and behavior needs through targeted interventions.
Restructuring
A process of redesigning educational systems, curricula, or policies to improve effectiveness and outcomes.
Section 504
A U.S. federal law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance.
Spasticity
Increased muscle tone and stiffness, often associated with conditions such as cerebral palsy.
Speech disorder
Impairment in the production of sounds for verbal communication, affecting speech clarity and fluency.
Theory of multiple intelligences
A theory by Howard Gardner proposing that intelligence is not a single, fixed trait, but rather a combination of distinct abilities, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences.
Transition Programming
Planning and support services designed to help individuals with disabilities move from one stage of life to another, such as from school to employment or independent living.
Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence
A theory by Robert Sternberg proposing three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical, which contribute to success in different contexts.
Voicing Problems
Difficulties in controlling pitch, loudness, or quality of the voice, often associated with speech or vocal disorders.
Zero Reject
The principle that no child with a disability can be excluded from a free and appropriate public education, regardless of the severity of their disability.
