Chapter 4

Question 1

Absence Seizure

Answer 1

A brief and sudden lapse in consciousness, characterized by a blank stare and lack of responsiveness. Often seen in individuals with epilepsy, especially children.

Question 2

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer 2

Legislation in the United States that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It ensures equal opportunities and access to services and facilities for individuals with disabilities.

Question 3

Articulation Disorders

Answer 3

Difficulties in the physical production of speech sounds, leading to unclear or inaccurate pronunciation. Common in children but can persist into adulthood.

Question 4

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Answer 4

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, often affecting academic and social functioning.

Question 5

Autism/Autism Spectrum Disorders

Answer 5

Neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by challenges in social communication, repetitive behaviors, and a range of strengths and differences in cognitive abilities. It exists on a spectrum, with varying degrees of severity.

Question 6

Automaticity

Answer 6

The ability to perform tasks or skills with little conscious effort, often achieved through practice and repetition. It allows cognitive resources to be allocated to other aspects of a task.

Question 7

Brainstorming

Answer 7

A creative problem-solving technique that involves generating a large number of ideas in a group setting, encouraging free thinking and contributions without immediate evaluation.

Question 8

Cerebral Palsy

Answer 8

A group of motor disorders caused by damage to the developing brain, affecting muscle control and coordination. It can lead to challenges in movement, posture, and balance.

Question 9

Convergent Thinking

Answer 9

The cognitive process of finding a single, correct solution to a well-defined problem. It involves logical and focused thinking to arrive at a specific answer.

Question 10

Creativity

Answer 10

The ability to generate novel and valuable ideas, solutions, or products. It involves thinking outside the box, making unique connections, and embracing originality.

Question 11

Crystalized Intelligence

Answer 11

Acquired knowledge and skills accumulated over time, reflecting a person’s cultural and educational experiences.

Question 12

Deviation IQ

Answer 12

A measure of intelligence that expresses an individual’s IQ score in relation to the average score within their age group.

Question 13

Disability

Answer 13

A condition that limits an individual’s ability to perform certain tasks or activities. In the context of education, accommodations may be provided to support learning.

Question 14

Divergent Thinking

Answer 14

A thought process that involves generating creative ideas by exploring multiple possible solutions to a problem.

Question 15

Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Answer 15

Conditions that impact emotional well-being and behavior, often affecting academic and social functioning.

Question 16

Epilepsy

Answer 16

A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

Question 17

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 17

The ability to solve novel problems, reason abstractly, and adapt to new situations, often considered independent of prior learning.

Question 18

Fluency Disorder

Answer 18

Impairment in the rate, rhythm, and continuity of speech, such as stuttering or cluttering.

Question 19

Flynn Effect

Answer 19

The observed trend of a steady increase in average IQ scores over time, suggesting a rise in cognitive abilities across generations.

Question 20

Focal Seizure

Answer 20

Seizure activity that originates in a specific area of the brain, often causing localized symptoms.

Question 21

Free, appropriate public education (FAPE)

Answer 21

The legal mandate that individuals with disabilities are entitled to receive an education tailored to their specific needs at public expense.

Question 22

General Intelligence

Answer 22

The idea of a single, underlying factor that contributes to performance on various cognitive tasks, often referred to as “g factor.”

Question 23

Generalized tonic-clonic seizure

Answer 23

A type of seizure involving loss of consciousness, muscle rigidity, and convulsions affecting the entire body.

Question 24

Gifted and talented

Answer 24

Individuals with exceptional abilities or potential in specific areas, often requiring special educational provisions.

Question 25

Handicap

Answer 25

A limitation imposed on an individual due to a disability, affecting their ability to engage in certain activities.

Question 26

Identity-first Reference

Answer 26

A preference for referring to individuals by their disability (e.g., “autistic”) as a way of embracing and affirming their identity.

Question 27

Inclusion

Answer 27

The practice of integrating students with disabilities into general education classrooms, fostering a sense of belonging and equal opportunities.

Question 28

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

Answer 28

A customized plan developed for students with disabilities, outlining specific educational goals and support services.

Question 29

Individuals with disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Answer 29

A U.S. federal law ensuring that students with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education tailored to their needs.

Question 30

Insight

Answer 30

A sudden and clear understanding of a complex problem or concept, often accompanied by a sense of confidence.

Question 31

Integration

Answer 31

The inclusion of diverse students into the same educational environment, fostering interaction and mutual understanding.

Question 32

Intellectual Disabilities/Mental Retardation

Answer 32

Significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors, affecting everyday social and practical skills.

Question 33

Intelligence

Answer 33

The capacity to learn, reason, problem-solve, and adapt to the environment.

Question 34

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 34

A numerical measure of an individual’s intelligence derived from standardized tests.

Question 35

Learned Helplessness

Answer 35

A psychological concept where individuals come to believe they have no control over their environment, leading to passivity and lack of initiative.

Question 36

Learning Disability

Answer 36

A neurological condition that affects a person’s ability to acquire, process, or retain information, often leading to difficulties in academic performance.

Question 37

Learning Preferences

Answer 37

Individualized ways in which learners prefer to approach and process information.

Question 38

Learning Styles

Answer 38

Preferred methods of learning, such as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic, that individuals find most effective for acquiring new information.

Question 39

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

Answer 39

The principle that students with disabilities should be educated in the most inclusive setting possible, while still meeting their unique needs.

Question 40

Legally Blind

Answer 40

Having a visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with correction or having a restricted field of vision.

Question 41

Low vision

Answer 41

Significant visual impairment that is not fully correctable with glasses or contact lenses but still allows for some degree of functional vision.

Question 42

Mainstreaming

Answer 42

The practice of placing students with disabilities in regular education classrooms for part or all of the school day.

Question 43

Mental Age

Answer 43

A concept used in intelligence testing to represent the age at which an individual’s performance matches the average performance of individuals in a particular chronological age group.

Question 44

Pervasive Developmental Disorder

Answer 44

A category of disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and behavior.

Question 45

Response to Intervention (RtI)

Answer 45

A multi-tiered approach to identify and support students with learning and behavior needs through targeted interventions.

Question 46

Restructuring

Answer 46

A process of redesigning educational systems, curricula, or policies to improve effectiveness and outcomes.

Question 47

Section 504

Answer 47

A U.S. federal law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance.

Question 48

Spasticity

Answer 48

Increased muscle tone and stiffness, often associated with conditions such as cerebral palsy.

Question 49

Speech disorder

Answer 49

Impairment in the production of sounds for verbal communication, affecting speech clarity and fluency.

Question 50

Theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 50

A theory by Howard Gardner proposing that intelligence is not a single, fixed trait, but rather a combination of distinct abilities, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences.

Question 51

Transition Programming

Answer 51

Planning and support services designed to help individuals with disabilities move from one stage of life to another, such as from school to employment or independent living.

Question 52

Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence

Answer 52

A theory by Robert Sternberg proposing three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical, which contribute to success in different contexts.

Question 53

Voicing Problems

Answer 53

Difficulties in controlling pitch, loudness, or quality of the voice, often associated with speech or vocal disorders.

Question 54

Zero Reject

Answer 54

The principle that no child with a disability can be excluded from a free and appropriate public education, regardless of the severity of their disability.