Chapter 1

Question 1

Action Research

Answer 1

Collaborative study involving practitioners and researchers, aiming to solve real-world issues, improve practices, and enhance outcomes through systematic reflection and iterative problem-solving.

Question 2

Case Study

Answer 2

Detailed analysis of a person, group, or situation to gain insights into psychological phenomena, using in-depth observation and examination of specific cases.

Question 3

Correlations

Answer 3

Statistical relationship between two or more variables, indicating the degree of association without implying causation.

Question 4

Descriptive Studies

Answer 4

Research method focused on observing and describing behavior or characteristics without manipulating variables, providing a snapshot of a situation or phenomenon.

Question 5

Design-based Research

Answer 5

Research approach that integrates development and evaluation of interventions in real-world settings, emphasizing collaboration between researchers and practitioners to address complex problems and improve educational practices.

Question 6

Educational Psychology

Answer 6

The study of how psychological principles and theories can be applied to understand and enhance teaching, learning, and educational processes.

Question 7

Empirical

Answer 7

Based on observation, experimentation, or data-driven evidence rather than theoretical reasoning or speculation.

Question 8

Ethnography

Answer 8

A qualitative research method involving immersive observation and interaction to study and understand the culture, behavior, and social context of a specific group or community.

Question 9

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

Answer 9

U.S. federal law emphasizing accountability, state flexibility, and support for disadvantaged students, aiming to improve educational outcomes and ensure equity in K-12 schools.

Question 10

Experimentation

Answer 10

The systematic and controlled investigation in which researchers manipulate variables to observe their effects, allowing for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 11

Hypothesis/hypotheses

Answer 11

A testable prediction or educated guess about the relationship between variables, guiding research to investigate and draw conclusions in scientific studies.

Question 12

Microgenetic Studies

Answer 12

Research method focusing on detailed and frequent observations to capture the process of cognitive or behavioral development over a short period, providing insights into how change unfolds in real-time.

Question 13

Negative Correlation

Answer 13

A statistical relationship between two variables where an increase in one is associated with a decrease in the other, indicating an inverse connection.

Question 14

Participant Observation

Answer 14

A research method where the investigator actively engages in and observes the activities and behaviors of the study participants within their natural environment.

Question 15

Participants/Studies

Answer 15

Individuals involved in a research study, providing data and insights to help researchers investigate and understand psychological phenomena.

Question 16

Positive Correlation

Answer 16

A statistical relationship between two variables where an increase in one is associated with an increase in the other, indicating a direct connection.

Question 17

Principle

Answer 17

A fundamental truth or concept derived from empirical evidence or theory, serving as a foundation for understanding and explaining psychological phenomena.

Question 18

Qualitative Research

Answer 18

Exploratory research method focusing on understanding human behavior through in-depth analysis of non-numeric data, such as interviews, observations, or textual materials.

Question 19

Quantitative Research

Answer 19

Research method that relies on numerical data and statistical analyses to measure, analyze, and draw conclusions about psychological phenomena, aiming for objective and measurable outcomes.

Question 20

Quasi-experimental Studies

Answer 20

Research designs that lack full experimental control but involve manipulation of an independent variable, allowing for the examination of cause-and-effect relationships in real-world settings.

Question 21

Random

Answer 21

Without a specific pattern or order; in research, refers to a process or selection that is unbiased and unpredictable, contributing to the generalizability of findings.

Question 22

Reflective

Answer 22

The thoughtful and introspective consideration of one’s thoughts, feelings, and experiences to gain insight and understanding.

Question 23

Statistically Significant

Answer 23

A result or finding in research that is unlikely to have occurred by chance, indicating a meaningful and reliable relationship or difference between variables.

Question 24

Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy

Answer 24

The belief and confidence that teachers have in their ability to positively impact students’ learning and academic outcomes.

Question 25

Theory

Answer 25

A systematic and organized set of principles or ideas that explains and predicts phenomena, providing a framework for understanding and guiding research.