Chapter 5

Question 1

Academic Language

Answer 1

The language used in educational settings, often more formal and complex than everyday language, crucial for success in school.

Question 2

Balanced Bilingualism

Answer 2

Proficiency in and the ability to use two languages equally, often in both social and academic contexts.

Question 3

Bilingual

Answer 3

Able to speak and understand two languages fluently.

Question 4

Code switching

Answer 4

The practice of alternating between two or more languages or dialects within a conversation or discourse.

Question 5

Critical Periods

Answer 5

Specific time frames during which language acquisition or certain skills are most easily developed.

Question 6

Cultural deficit model

Answer 6

An outdated perspective suggesting that students from certain cultural backgrounds may have inherent deficits, overlooking their unique strengths.

Question 7

Dialect

Answer 7

A particular form of a language that is specific to a region, social group, or community, differing in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.

Question 8

Emergent Literacy

Answer 8

The early development of skills and knowledge that set the foundation for later literacy, including reading and writing.

Question 9

English as a second language (ESL)

Answer 9

Instruction focused on teaching English to individuals whose first language is not English.

Question 10

English Language Learners (ELLs)

Answer 10

Students who are in the process of learning English as an additional language.

Question 11

Expressive Vocabulary

Answer 11

The words an individual can use when speaking or writing.

Question 12

Funds of knowledge

Answer 12

The cultural, social, and intellectual assets that individuals and communities possess, often used as a basis for learning.

Question 13

Genderlects

Answer 13

Language variations based on gender differences in communication styles.

Question 14

Generation

Answer 14

A group of individuals born and living during the same period of time, often sharing common experiences and cultural influences.

Question 15

Heritage language

Answer 15

The language spoken by one’s ancestors or within one’s cultural community.

Question 16

Immigrants

Answer 16

Individuals who have moved from one country to another, often for permanent residence.

Question 17

Inside-out skills

Answer 17

Skills that involve understanding and producing language, such as speaking and writing.

Question 18

Limited English Proficient (LEP)

Answer 18

Term used to describe individuals with limited proficiency in the English language.

Question 19

Melting pot

Answer 19

A metaphor for a society where different cultural groups blend together, losing their distinctiveness.

Question 20

Metalinguaistic awareness

Answer 20

The ability to think and reflect on language, including understanding its structure and use.

Question 21

Monolingual

Answer 21

Speaking or understanding only one language.

Question 22

Outside-in skills

Answer 22

Skills that involve receiving and understanding language, such as listening and reading.

Question 23

Overregularize

Answer 23

A language error where irregular forms are incorrectly regularized, often seen in language development.

Question 24

Pragmatics

Answer 24

The study of language use in context, including the social aspects of communication.

Question 25

Receptive Vocabulary

Answer 25

The words an individual can understand when reading or listening.

Question 26

Refugees

Answer 26

Individuals forced to leave their home country due to persecution, war, or natural disasters.

Question 27

Semilingual

Answer 27

A person who does not fully acquire proficiency in any language due to limited exposure or opportunities.

Question 28

Sensitive periods

Answer 28

Specific developmental periods during which an individual is especially receptive to learning certain skills or acquiring knowledge.

Question 29

Sheltered instruction

Answer 29

Teaching methods that make academic content more accessible to English language learners while promoting language development.

Question 30

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP)

Answer 30

A model for planning and delivering effective instruction for English language learners.

Question 31

Structured English Immersion (SEI)

Answer 31

An instructional approach that emphasizes English language development while providing content instruction.

Question 32

Syntax

Answer 32

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.