Chapter 3 Flashcards
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and self-imposed starvation, leading to severe weight loss and potential health complications.
Attachment
Emotional bond formed between individuals, often observed between infants and caregivers, influencing social and emotional development.
Autonomy
The capacity and freedom to make independent decisions, exercise self-control, and regulate one’s behavior, reflecting a sense of independence.
Binge Eating
Consuming a large amount of food in a short period, accompanied by a perceived loss of control.
Bioecological Model
A theoretical framework, developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, that examines the complex interplay between an individual’s development and the multiple layers of environmental systems.
Blended Families
Families formed through remarriage or re-partnering, where one or both partners have children from previous relationships, creating a new family structure with step-parents, step-siblings, and biological children.
Bulimia
An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise, often accompanied by a sense of loss of control.
Commitment
A decision involving dedication, loyalty, and persistence towards a goal, relationship, or course of action, reflecting a sense of dedication.
Context
The surroundings, environment, or circumstances in which behavior, experiences, or phenomena occur, influencing and shaping the understanding of psychological processes.
Cyber Aggression
The use of electronic communication tools, such as the internet or social media, to engage in aggressive behaviors, including harassment, or threats.
Developmental Crisis
A period of intense psychological and emotional struggle that arises during key stages of life, often requiring adaptive coping mechanisms and resolution for healthy development to continue.
Distributive Justice
The perceived fairness and equity in the distribution of resources, rewards, or outcomes within a social or organizational context, influencing individuals’ judgments and feelings of justice.
Exploration
The act of actively seeking and engaging with new experiences, ideas, or information, reflecting a curiosity-driven process that contributes to cognitive and personal development.
Extended Families
Families that include not only parents and children but also other relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.
Generativity
A stage in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, emphasizing the desire to contribute to the well-being and development of future generations, often expressed through mentoring or teaching.
Hostile Agression
Aggressive behavior driven by anger, frustration, or a desire to harm others, often without clear goals or intended outcomes beyond causing harm or pain.
Identity
The complex sense of self, encompassing personal characteristics, values, beliefs, roles, and a coherent understanding of one’s individuality within a social and cultural context.
Identity Achievement
A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, representing the successful resolution of identity crisis, where individuals have explored and committed to a clear sense of self and life direction.
Identity Diffusion
A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, characterized by a lack of commitment to a clear identity and minimal exploration of life goals, values, and roles.
Identity Foreclosure
A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, where individuals commit to an identity without thorough exploration, often adopting beliefs and values based on external influences rather than personal reflection.
Industry
A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, occurring during middle childhood, where individuals strive to develop competence and skills in areas such as learning, accomplishment, and productivity.
Initiative
A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, typically occurring during early childhood, where children begin to explore their environment, take on new challenges, and develop a sense of purpose and direction.
Instrumental Aggression
Aggressive behavior driven by a goal or intention, often aimed at achieving a specific outcome or fulfilling a need, rather than expressing hostility or anger for its own sake.
Integrity
A quality of honesty, moral soundness, and adherence to ethical principles, reflecting consistency between one’s values, actions, and beliefs.
Internalize
The process of incorporating external information, values, or norms into one’s own beliefs, attitudes, and sense of identity, leading to a personal and internalized understanding.
Intimacy
A close and emotionally connected relationship characterized by trust, mutual understanding, and the sharing of personal thoughts and feelings, contributing to a sense of connection and closeness.
Menarche
The onset of female reproductive maturity, typically occurring during adolescence.
Moral Dilemmas
Situations that present conflicting moral principles or values, requiring individuals to make ethical decisions where different choices may have moral implications.
Moral Realism
A cognitive development concept in which children believe that moral rules are absolute, unchangeable, and independent of individual perspectives or societal influences, often associated with Piaget’s theory.
Moral Reasoning
The cognitive process of making decisions and judgments about right and wrong, ethical principles, and moral dilemmas, often influenced by individual beliefs, values, and social norms.
Morality of Cooperation
A perspective on moral development, proposed by Carol Gilligan, emphasizing the importance of relationships, care, and mutual cooperation in moral decision-making.
Moratorium
A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, characterized by a period of exploration, experimentation, and active searching for one’s identity, often involving educational, vocational, or personal choices.
Nigrescence
A term coined by William Cross, referring to the process of identity development among African Americans, involving the exploration and commitment to one’s racial and cultural identity.
Overt Aggression
Visible and directly observable aggressive behavior, involving actions such as physical harm, verbal threats, or other hostile actions directed toward others.
Parenting Styles
Different approaches or patterns of parental behavior that influence a child’s development, often categorized as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful, based on levels of warmth, control, and expectations.
Peer Cultures
Shared norms, behaviors, and values that develop within groups of peers, influencing social interactions, norms, and identity formation among individuals of similar age or social standing.
Perspective-taking Ability
The cognitive skill of understanding and considering other people’s thoughts, feelings, and points of view, allowing for empathetic understanding and enhanced social interactions.
Psychosocial
Referring to the interrelation between psychological factors (such as thoughts and emotions) and social factors (such as relationships and cultural influences) that collectively contribute to an individual’s overall well-being.
Puberty
The period of biological development during which an individual undergoes physical changes such as reproductive maturity, typically occurring during adolescence.
Racial and Ethnic Pride
A positive emotional connection and sense of affirmation associated with one’s racial or ethnic identity, contributing to a positive self-concept and cultural belonging.
Relational Aggression
Aggressive behavior that involves harming others through manipulation of social relationships, reputation, or emotions, rather than physical means. It often includes tactics like gossiping, exclusion, or spreading rumors.
Self-concept
The individual’s perception and understanding of oneself, including beliefs, attitudes, and evaluations of personal attributes, abilities, and identity.
Self-esteem
The perception of one’s own worth, value, and competence, influencing overall feelings of self-worth and emotional well-being.
Social Conventions
Shared and agreed-upon norms, behaviors, or practices within a society, often influenced by cultural values, that guide appropriate social interactions and expectations.
Spermarche
The onset of reproductive maturity in men, typically occurring during adolescence.
Theory of Mind
The ability to understand and attribute mental states, such as beliefs, intentions, and emotions, to oneself and others, allowing for the interpretation of behavior in terms of mental states.
