Chapter 3

Question 1

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 1

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and self-imposed starvation, leading to severe weight loss and potential health complications.

Question 2

Attachment

Answer 2

Emotional bond formed between individuals, often observed between infants and caregivers, influencing social and emotional development.

Question 3

Autonomy

Answer 3

The capacity and freedom to make independent decisions, exercise self-control, and regulate one’s behavior, reflecting a sense of independence.

Question 4

Binge Eating

Answer 4

Consuming a large amount of food in a short period, accompanied by a perceived loss of control.

Question 5

Bioecological Model

Answer 5

A theoretical framework, developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, that examines the complex interplay between an individual’s development and the multiple layers of environmental systems.

Question 6

Blended Families

Answer 6

Families formed through remarriage or re-partnering, where one or both partners have children from previous relationships, creating a new family structure with step-parents, step-siblings, and biological children.

Question 7

Bulimia

Answer 7

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise, often accompanied by a sense of loss of control.

Question 8

Commitment

Answer 8

A decision involving dedication, loyalty, and persistence towards a goal, relationship, or course of action, reflecting a sense of dedication.

Question 9

Context

Answer 9

The surroundings, environment, or circumstances in which behavior, experiences, or phenomena occur, influencing and shaping the understanding of psychological processes.

Question 10

Cyber Aggression

Answer 10

The use of electronic communication tools, such as the internet or social media, to engage in aggressive behaviors, including harassment, or threats.

Question 11

Developmental Crisis

Answer 11

A period of intense psychological and emotional struggle that arises during key stages of life, often requiring adaptive coping mechanisms and resolution for healthy development to continue.

Question 12

Distributive Justice

Answer 12

The perceived fairness and equity in the distribution of resources, rewards, or outcomes within a social or organizational context, influencing individuals’ judgments and feelings of justice.

Question 13

Exploration

Answer 13

The act of actively seeking and engaging with new experiences, ideas, or information, reflecting a curiosity-driven process that contributes to cognitive and personal development.

Question 14

Extended Families

Answer 14

Families that include not only parents and children but also other relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

Question 15

Generativity

Answer 15

A stage in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, emphasizing the desire to contribute to the well-being and development of future generations, often expressed through mentoring or teaching.

Question 16

Hostile Agression

Answer 16

Aggressive behavior driven by anger, frustration, or a desire to harm others, often without clear goals or intended outcomes beyond causing harm or pain.

Question 17

Identity

Answer 17

The complex sense of self, encompassing personal characteristics, values, beliefs, roles, and a coherent understanding of one’s individuality within a social and cultural context.

Question 18

Identity Achievement

Answer 18

A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, representing the successful resolution of identity crisis, where individuals have explored and committed to a clear sense of self and life direction.

Question 19

Identity Diffusion

Answer 19

A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, characterized by a lack of commitment to a clear identity and minimal exploration of life goals, values, and roles.

Question 20

Identity Foreclosure

Answer 20

A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, where individuals commit to an identity without thorough exploration, often adopting beliefs and values based on external influences rather than personal reflection.

Question 21

Industry

Answer 21

A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, occurring during middle childhood, where individuals strive to develop competence and skills in areas such as learning, accomplishment, and productivity.

Question 22

Initiative

Answer 22

A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, typically occurring during early childhood, where children begin to explore their environment, take on new challenges, and develop a sense of purpose and direction.

Question 23

Instrumental Aggression

Answer 23

Aggressive behavior driven by a goal or intention, often aimed at achieving a specific outcome or fulfilling a need, rather than expressing hostility or anger for its own sake.

Question 24

Integrity

Answer 24

A quality of honesty, moral soundness, and adherence to ethical principles, reflecting consistency between one’s values, actions, and beliefs.

Question 25

Internalize

Answer 25

The process of incorporating external information, values, or norms into one’s own beliefs, attitudes, and sense of identity, leading to a personal and internalized understanding.

Question 26

Intimacy

Answer 26

A close and emotionally connected relationship characterized by trust, mutual understanding, and the sharing of personal thoughts and feelings, contributing to a sense of connection and closeness.

Question 27

Menarche

Answer 27

The onset of female reproductive maturity, typically occurring during adolescence.

Question 28

Moral Dilemmas

Answer 28

Situations that present conflicting moral principles or values, requiring individuals to make ethical decisions where different choices may have moral implications.

Question 29

Moral Realism

Answer 29

A cognitive development concept in which children believe that moral rules are absolute, unchangeable, and independent of individual perspectives or societal influences, often associated with Piaget’s theory.

Question 30

Moral Reasoning

Answer 30

The cognitive process of making decisions and judgments about right and wrong, ethical principles, and moral dilemmas, often influenced by individual beliefs, values, and social norms.

Question 31

Morality of Cooperation

Answer 31

A perspective on moral development, proposed by Carol Gilligan, emphasizing the importance of relationships, care, and mutual cooperation in moral decision-making.

Question 32

Moratorium

Answer 32

A stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, characterized by a period of exploration, experimentation, and active searching for one’s identity, often involving educational, vocational, or personal choices.

Question 33

Nigrescence

Answer 33

A term coined by William Cross, referring to the process of identity development among African Americans, involving the exploration and commitment to one’s racial and cultural identity.

Question 34

Overt Aggression

Answer 34

Visible and directly observable aggressive behavior, involving actions such as physical harm, verbal threats, or other hostile actions directed toward others.

Question 35

Parenting Styles

Answer 35

Different approaches or patterns of parental behavior that influence a child’s development, often categorized as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful, based on levels of warmth, control, and expectations.

Question 36

Peer Cultures

Answer 36

Shared norms, behaviors, and values that develop within groups of peers, influencing social interactions, norms, and identity formation among individuals of similar age or social standing.

Question 37

Perspective-taking Ability

Answer 37

The cognitive skill of understanding and considering other people’s thoughts, feelings, and points of view, allowing for empathetic understanding and enhanced social interactions.

Question 38

Psychosocial

Answer 38

Referring to the interrelation between psychological factors (such as thoughts and emotions) and social factors (such as relationships and cultural influences) that collectively contribute to an individual’s overall well-being.

Question 39

Puberty

Answer 39

The period of biological development during which an individual undergoes physical changes such as reproductive maturity, typically occurring during adolescence.

Question 40

Racial and Ethnic Pride

Answer 40

A positive emotional connection and sense of affirmation associated with one’s racial or ethnic identity, contributing to a positive self-concept and cultural belonging.

Question 41

Relational Aggression

Answer 41

Aggressive behavior that involves harming others through manipulation of social relationships, reputation, or emotions, rather than physical means. It often includes tactics like gossiping, exclusion, or spreading rumors.

Question 42

Self-concept

Answer 42

The individual’s perception and understanding of oneself, including beliefs, attitudes, and evaluations of personal attributes, abilities, and identity.

Question 43

Self-esteem

Answer 43

The perception of one’s own worth, value, and competence, influencing overall feelings of self-worth and emotional well-being.

Question 44

Social Conventions

Answer 44

Shared and agreed-upon norms, behaviors, or practices within a society, often influenced by cultural values, that guide appropriate social interactions and expectations.

Question 45

Spermarche

Answer 45

The onset of reproductive maturity in men, typically occurring during adolescence.

Question 46

Theory of Mind

Answer 46

The ability to understand and attribute mental states, such as beliefs, intentions, and emotions, to oneself and others, allowing for the interpretation of behavior in terms of mental states.