Japanese III Flashcards
(jp) New york is smaller than Atlanta
アトランタはNYよりちいさい
Atlanta to NY yuri chisai
(jp)When I was a kid, I loved anime
こどものとき、アニメがだいすきでした
Kodomo no toki, anime ga daisukideshita
(jp) Why did you want to study Japanese?
どうして にほんごを べんきょう しようと おもったんですか？
Dōshite ni hon go o be n kyō shiyou to omotta ndesu ka?
(jp) N Desu
We often use the phrases n desu ga or n desu kedo as a prelude to a request or invitation. Sometimes therest of the sentence is left off if what the speaker is asking for is already clear from context.
When shopping for something, customers often end their sentences with n desu ga or n desu kedo whentelling the shop clerk what they want.
Sample Sentences
1. すみません。トイレに⾏きたいんですが。
Sumimasen. Toire ni ikitaindesu ga.
“Excuse me. I want to go to the bathroom, but… (could you tell me where it is?)”
- ⻩⾊いシャツを探しているんですけど。
Kiiroi shatsu o sagashiteirun desu kedo.
“I’m looking for a yellow shirt, but (where can I find them?)” - バラの花束が欲しいんですが。
Bara no hanataba ga hoshiin desu ga.
“I’d like a bouquet of roses, but (could you make one?)”
(jp) popular
⼈気
にんき
ninki
(jp) shop employee, clerk
店員
てんいん
ten’in
(jp) Noun ＋na ＋ n da/n desu
1. わたしはまだ19歳なんです。
Watashi wa mada jūkyū-sai na n desu.
“I’m still nineteen years old. (So I can’t drink alcohol.)”
*Since we use n da or n desu when asking for an explanation, we often use them with “wh-“ words.
For Example:
1. どこに⾏くんですか。
Doko ni iku n desu ka.
“Where are you headed?”
- どうしたんですか。
Dōshita n desu ka.
“What happened?
Verb ＋ n da/n desu
1. 明⽇、彼⼥の両親の家に⾏くんです。
Ashita, kanojo no ryōshin no uchi ni iku n desu.
“I’m going to visit my girlfriend’s parents. (So I’m nervous.)”
i-adjective ＋n da/n desu
1. このケーキはおいしいんですよ。
Kono kēki wa oishii n desu yo.
“This cake is delicious. (So please have some.)”
na-adjective ＋ na ＋ n da/n desu
1. 私はタバコが嫌いなんです。
Watashi wa tabako ga kirai na n desu.
“I hate smoking. (So please don’t smoke.)”
(jp) condition, health
具合
ぐあい
guai
(jp) department head, section chief
部⻑
ぶちょう
buchō
(jp) sickness, illness
病気
びょうき
byōki
(jp) I don’t feel well.
体調が悪いです。
Taichō ga warui desu.
(jp) I became sick.
わたしは病気になった。
Watashi wa byōki ni natta.
(jp) n da (んだ), n desu (んです)
We use n da and its formal form, -n desu, for giving and asking for explanations. In written language, wemore commonly use no da or no desu.
In the dialogue, Mr. Shimoyama said Atama ga itain da ( 頭が痛いんだ。) because Erika was worrying about him and he was trying to explain why he didn’t look well. If he had simply said Atama ga itai (頭が痛
い。), it would sound as if he was just stating the fact and it may have come off as a little abrupt.
By adding n da to the sentence, it makes it clearer that the speaker is trying to explain something or make a point.
Let’s compare the following sentences.
1. 僕は彼⼥がいます。
Boku wa kanojo ga imasu.
“I have a girlfriend.”
- 僕は彼⼥がいるんです。
Boku wa kanojo ga irundesu.
“I have a girlfriend.”
Both sentences mean “I have a girlfriend.” However, the first sentence is simply stating the fact that you
have a girlfriend. However, in the second sentence, you’re trying to explain or imply something by saying that you have a girlfriend. For example, “The fact is that I have a girlfriend, so I’m not interested in you” or something to that effect.
■ Formation
[informal sentence] ＋n da/n desu.
*When n da or n desu directly follows the affirmative form of a na-adjective or a noun, we insert nabetween them.
(jp) “It will probably rain.”
⾬が降るだろう。
Ame ga furu darō.
⾬が降るでしょう。
Ame ga furu deshō.
(jp) “It might rain.”
⾬が降るかもしれない。
Ame ga furu kamo shirenai.
⾬が降るかもしれません。
Ame ga furu kamo shiremasen.
(jp) “The test is probably difficult.”
テストは難しいかもしれない。
Tesuto wa muzukashii kamo shirenai.
(jp) “The test is probably easy.”
テストは簡単だろう。
Tesuto wa kantan darō.
テストは簡単でしょう。
Tesuto wa kantan deshō.
(jp) “Ken is probably Japanese.”
ケンは⽇本⼈だろう。
Ken wa Nihon-jin darō.
ケンは⽇本⼈でしょう。
Ken wa Nihon-jin deshō.
(jp) “Ken might be Japanese.”
ケンは⽇本⼈かもしれない。
Ken wa Nihon-jin kamo shirenai.
(jp) Darō (だろう) and Deshō (でしょう)
Darō and its formal form, deshō, come after nouns, and the informal form of a verb or adjective. Thesewords express the speaker’s guess or prediction and are similar to “probably” in English. The speaker’s guess is based on some information or knowledge he or she has.
Kamoshirenai ( かもしれない ) and Kamoshiremasen (かもしれません)
Kamoshirenai and its formal form, kamoshiremasen, express probability and come after the noun or, the
informal form of a verb or adjective. They indicate that something is possible, but that the speaker is
uncertain whether it is true. It’s similar to “might” or “maybe” in English. The probability you’ll hear a
phrase that uses kamoshirenai is not as high as one that uses darō.
(jp) yotei (予定)
Yotei is a noun and it means “schedule” or “plan.” When yotei comes after the dictionary form or nai-form of a verb, it means that something is scheduled to take place (or not, if the verb is negative). Whereas with tsumori you are talking about something you “intend” to do, with yotei are you simply stating something you are scheduled to do as a fact.
Formation
[Verb; dictionary form or nai-form ] ＋ yotei da/yotei desu.
（私は）明⽇病院に⾏く予定です。
(Watashi wa) ashita byōin ni iku yotei desu.
“I’m scheduled to go to the hospital tomorrow.”
兄は来年結婚する予定です。
Ani wa rainen kekkon suru yotei desu.
“My brother is scheduled to get married next year.”
パーティーは５時から始まる予定です。
Pātī wa go-ji kara hajimaru yotei desu.
“The party is scheduled to start at five.”
私はパーティーに⾏かない予定だ。
Watashi wa pātī ni ikanai yotei da.
“I’m not scheduled to go to the party.”
(jp) someone, somebody,
誰か
だれか
dareka
(jp) Someday
Itsuka
いつか
(jp) Something
Nanika
何か
(jp) boss
社長
しゃちょう
shachō
(jp) dull,uninteresting, boring
詰まらない
つまらない
tsumaranai
(jp) to spend
過ごす
すごす
sugosu
(jp) hanasu to speak loudly
The so-called na-adjectives get their name from the fact that the adjectives require that
na be inserted between the na-adjective and the noun it is modifying when preceding a
noun. To create the adverbial form of an na-adjective, the na-adjective must be changed
to its continuative form*. The continuative form is created by following the na-adjective
with ni.
For example:
きれいkirei → きれいに kirei ni
真剣 shinken → 真剣に shinken ni
See the chart below.
Adjective Meaning Adverbial form Modifying a
verb
English
静 shizuka quiet 静に shizuka ni 静に話す shizuka ni
hanasu
to speak
quietly
安全
anzen safe 安全に anzen ni 安全に運転す る anzen niunten suru to drive safely *The continuative form is also known as renyōkei (連用形).
(jp) Adjectives into adverbs
Today’s grammar point is turning adjectives into their adverbial form. In Japanese there
are two types of adjectives, i-adjectives and na-adjectives. The so-called i-adjectives get
their name from the fact that the final syllable of the adjective is i. To create the
adverbial form of an i-adjective, the i-adjective must be changed to its continuative
form*. The continuative form is created by changing the final i syllable of an i-adjective to
ku.
For example:
新しい atarashi → 新しく atarashiku 暖かい atatakai → 暖かく atatakaku See the chart below. Adjective Meaning Adverbial form Modifying a verb English 遅い osoi slow 遅く osoku 遅く走る osoku hashiru to run slowly うるさい urusai loud うるさく urusaku うるさく話す urusaku
(jp) game, match
試合 しあい shiai
(jp) important
大事 だいじ daiji
(jp) serious
真剣 しんけん shinken
(jp) victory
必勝 ひっしょう hisshō
(jp) One draft beer, please.
生ビール、ひとつください。
Nama bīru, hitotsu kudasai.
(jp) Carrots are good for your health.
にんじんは体に良い。
Ninjin wa karada ni ii.
(jp)Do you have change?
おつり、ありますか。
O-tsuri, arimasu ka.
(jp) The particle de ~
Let’s review one of the usages of the particle de. De can indicate a weak causal relationship between two
conditions or events. It directly follows noun phrases and na-adjectives, but cannot be used after i-
adjectives, which have their own -te form.
- ⽗の仕事で⾊々な国に住みました。
Chichi no shigoto de iroiro na kuni ni sumimashita.
I’ve lived in a lot of countries because of my father’s job. - (兄は）５歳の時、病気で死にました。
(Ani wa) go-sai no toki, byōki de shinimashita.
(My brother) got sick and died when I was five.
(jp)I cant~
- もう、⾷べられない。
Mō, taberarenai.
I can’t eat another bite.
2. ⼦供の時、ペラペラ話せました。でも、今は全然話せません。 Kodomo no toki, perapera hanasemashita. Demo, ima wa zenzen hanasemasen. I could (speak foreign languages) when I was a child, but not anymore.
Sample Sentences:
- とても疲れたのでもう歩けない。
Totemo tsukareta no de, mō arukenai.
I am too tired to walk anymore. - ジムはパーティーに来られませんでした。
Jimu wa pātī ni koraremasen deshita.
Jim couldn’t come to the party.
(jp) How many siblings do you have?
あなたの兄弟は何⼈ですか。
Anata no kyōdai wa nan-nin desu ka.
(jp) He’s fluent in Spanish.
彼はスペイン語がぺらぺらだ。
Kare wa supeingo ga perapera da.
(jp) I’m studying foreign languages at university
⼤学で外国語を勉強しています。
Daigaku de gaikokugo o benkyō shite imasu.
(jp) Thank you for everything.
⾊々ありがとうございました。
Iroiro arigatō gozaimashita.
(jp) This is my child.
これは、私の⼦供です。
Kore wa watashi no kodomo desu.
(jp) Language Tip: ra Deletion
In the dialog, we had one example of the potential that did not include “ra.”
ええ、⾷べれます。
Ee, taberemasu.
This is an example of what’s called ra Deletion, where “ra” is dropped from the potential form of a verb.
This has become quite common in spoken Japanese recently, and, while technically a non-standard
variation, it has started to gain acceptance among native speakers.
Standard Potential -ra Deletion
taberareru (⾷べられる) tabereru (⾷べれる)
korareru (来られる) koreru (来れる)
下⼭君、今からちょっと出られる？
Shimoyama-kun, ima kara chotto derareru?
“Can you come out for a moment Shimoyama?”
⾟いものは⾷べられる？
Karai mono wa taberareru?
“Can you eat spicy foods?”
(jp) Thank you for the meal. It was delicious.
ごちそうさまでした。おいしかったです。
Gochisō sama deshita. Oishikatta desu.
(jp) That’s an unusual name.
珍しい名前ですね。
Mezurashii namae desu ne.
(jp) departure
出発
しゅっぱつ
shuppatsu
(jp) digital camera
デジカメ
dejikame
(jp) to search, to look for; class 1
探す
さがす
sagasu
(jp) Please call an ambulance.
救急⾞を呼んでください。
kyūkyūsha wo yonde kudasai.
(jp) Can you tell me where the shop is located.
お店の場所を教えてください。
O-mise no basho o oshiete kudasai.
(jp) Mr. Tanaka is good at teaching.
⽥中先⽣は教えるのが上⼿です。
Tanaka-sensei wa oshieru no ga jōzu desu.
(jp) You’re in a good mood.
あなたは機嫌が良さそうです。
Anata wa kigen ga yosasō desu.
(jp) location
場所
ばしょ
basho place,
TV Shows
bangumi
to calm down, to feel at ease;
ochitsuku
also, or
䛷も
also, or
demo
however
だっ䛶
however
datte
only, as much as
だけ
only, as much as
dake
approximately, about
kurai
criminal
犯⼈
はんにん
han’nin
to fall;
倒れる
たおれる
taoreru
fire
⽕事
かじ
kaji
[te-form of a verb of first action] ＋ [verb of second action]
In today's lesson, you will learn how to combine two or more verbs. ***** [te-form of a verb of first action] ＋ [verb of second action] ***** To express a succession of actions or events, the preceding verbs must be changed into the te-form. ********** Formation ********** ●Combine two verbs● 買う(kau) to buy ＋ ⾷べる(taberu) to eat ↓ 買って⾷べる(katte taberu) buy and eat ●Combine three verbs● ⾷べる(taberu) to eat ＋ 飲む(nomu) to drink ＋ 寝る(neru) to sleep ↓ ⾷べて飲んでねる(tabete nonde neru) ●Combine phrases● カレーを作る(karē o tsukuru) to make curry ＋ ⾷べる(taberu) to eat ↓ カレーを作って⾷べる。(Karē o tsukutte taberu) 家に帰る(uchi ni kaeru) to go home ＋ テレビをみる(terebi o miru) to watch T.V. ↓ 家に帰ってテレビをみる(uchini kaette terebi o miru)
I didn’t eat anything.
何も⾷べませんでした。
Nani mo tabemasen deshita.
tournament, rally, convention
⼤会 たいかい
taikai
sound, noise
⾳ おと
oto
dining room
ダイニング [ dainingu ] ⾷堂 [ shokudō ]
bedroom
ベッドルーム [ beddo rūmu ] 寝室 [ shinshitsu ]
I have a car.
私は⾞を持っています。
Watashi wa kuruma o motte imasu.
I put on my jacket, and go out in winter.
冬は、上着を着てでかけます。
Fuyu wa uwagi o kite, dekakemasu.
Open your mouth.
⼝を開けて。
Kuchi o akete.
I will leave home at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.
明⽇は、朝8時に家を出ます。
Ashita wa, asa hachi-ji ni uchi o demasu.
I often wear kimono.
私は、着物をよく着る。
Watashi wa kimono o yoku kiru.
I’m absolutely not going to forgive that.
絶対に、許さない。
Zettai ni yurusanai.
coat, jacket
上着
うわぎ
uwagi
explanation
説明
せつめい
setsumei
I am looking for a beautiful perfect wife.
私はきれいで完璧な妻を探している。
Watashi wa kirei de kanpeki na tsuma o sagashiteiru.
Please come inside.
どうぞ、あがってください
Dōzo agatte kudasai.
Please go straight.
まっすぐ⾏ってください。
Massugu itte kudasai.
My friend works on a grocery store at the corner ofthe street.
その通りの⾓にあるスーパーで友達は働いている。
Sono tōri no kado ni aru sūpā de tomodachi wahataraite iru.
Please turn left at the corner of the conveniencestore.
コンビニの⾓を左に曲がってください。
Konbini no kado o hidari ni magatte kudasai.
tasukeru
たすける
助ける
help
know
shiru (shirimasu)
しる
知る
warau
わらう
笑う
laugh
learn
narau
ならう
習う
machigaeru
まちがえる
間違える
make a mistake
open
akeru
あける
開ける
pay
harau
はらう
払う
play
asobu
あそぶ
遊ぶ
oboeru
おぼえる
覚える
remember, learn
search for
sagasu
さがす
探す
(jp) when I was a kid
kodomo no toki
子どもの時
(jp) learn by your self
どくがく
dokugaku
(jp) person
人物
じんぶつ
jinbutsu
(jp) about —
–について
ni sui te (about )
(jp) Makes me sleepy
nemu-taku narimasu
眠たくなります
(jp)
just
Dake
だけ
(jp) this wine is hard to drink
このワインは飲みにくい
Kono wine wa nominikui
(jp) this wine is easy to drink
このワインは飲みやすい
kono wine wa nomi yasui
(jp) I dont like coffee much so I drink 5 hour energy
ヒーはあまり好きじゃありません。だから、５hrエナジーを飲みます。
(jp) because
kara/node/dakara
(jp) (interesting things in the art market)
Arto marketo wa omshiroi mono takusan arimasu
(jp) (when you drink)
nomu toki
(jp) next time
sugui no toki
次の時
(jp) plan to do–
tsurutsumuri
ーするつもり
(jp) Tomorrow I will go to work (i-de) then I will go to the gym
明日は 会社に行って
それからジムに行くつもりです。
(jp) first date
hajimete no dato
初めてのデート
(jp) I dont want a girl friend
kanojo wa hoshi ku nai
かのじょがほしくないです
(jp)
All day long
いちにちじゅう
All day long
ichinichiju
(jp) Its raining so I stayed in bed
雨がふっていたので、一日中ベッドでねていました。
(jp) I was sleeping on the bed
Betto de imashita
ベッドでねていました
(jp) to exercise
運動する
うんどうする
undo-suru
(jp) enemy
teki
(jp) I hate studying
benkio suru koto ga kurai
Koto turns a verb into a noun
