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Bloc E - GI & Metabolism > Jan31 M2-Embryology - Abdominal wall, gonadal descent and Inguinal canal > Flashcards

Jan31 M2-Embryology - Abdominal wall, gonadal descent and Inguinal canal Flashcards

1
Q

gonads start and end point in embryo

A

start: lumbar posterior wall
end: labial scrotal fold

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2
Q

two names of mass of mesenchyme supporting the gonads

A 
intermediate mass (of mesenchyme)
OR urogential ridge (UGR)
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3
Q

why called urogenital RIDGE and what surrounds it

A

projects in coelomic cavity and lined by ceolemic epithelium (will become peritoneal cavity)

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4
Q

(IMPORTANT) organs (3) and structures formed by UGR (and consequent embryo origin)

A

kidneys, adrenals and gonads + supporting tissues and ligaments
So all these FROM MESENCHYME

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5
Q

gonads initial position and blood supply

A

L1-L2 near lungs. aorta gives branches

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6
Q

how medial umbilical ligaments are formed

A

aorta gives branches that go through UGR that will become the umbilicar arteries (to umbilicus)

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7
Q

site of descent of the UGR and what this is

A

on both sides of the cloaca (site where external genitalia is in primitive state)

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8
Q

gubernaculum definition + intra or retroperitoneal

A

mesenchyme extending from inferior lobe of gonads to labio-scrotal fold. is retroperitoneal

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9
Q

coelomic epithelium will form what

A

mesothelium lining abd cavity and all sex cords in males and females

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10
Q

gubernaculum function

A

governs and guides the passage of the gonads all the way down to the labio-scrotal fold

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11
Q

end site of gonads in female after go through gubernaculum

A

labium major (homologous to scrotum in males)

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12
Q

possible ectopic position of testes and why

A

upper part of the thigh (or wtv. too high, too low, on the side). bc gubernaculum didn’t end in labio-scrotal fold

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13
Q

organ displaced upwards as gonads go downwards

A

kidneys

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14
Q

how gonads reach the labio-scrotal fold

A

have to pierce through the abdominal wall (muscles)

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15
Q

processus vaginalis def

A

finger-like projection of the peritoneal cavity around the gubernaculum near the labio-scrotal fold

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16
Q

processus vaginalis location

A

lateral to the inferior epigastric artery. (midway between ASIS and pubic tubercle

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17
Q

processus vaginalis 2 functions

A
  1. penetrates abd wall (has same muscles and fascia around) to create inguinal canal.
  2. has a moist serosa facilitating the passage of the testes and vessels
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18
Q

origin of the vas deferens (what formed it)

A

mesonephric duct

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19
Q

structure near the point where gonads pierce the abd wall

A

inferior epigastric artery

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20
Q

structure near the umbilical artery

A

medial umbilical ligament

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21
Q

tube extending from prostatic urethra to gonads and that is always present from start to end point of gonads movement + what it will form

A

vas deferens. forms the spermatic cord

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22
Q

gubernaculum forms what in females after it passes the inguinal canal (out of the pelvis) and connects to what

A

round ligament of the uterus. will connect to the labia major

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23
Q

important substances involved in passage of gonads through abdominal wall (give example of a specific one)

A

androgens. insulin-like peptide hormone 3 (INSL3) produced by Leydig cells in the testes (binds GR8 receptor in gubernaculum)

24
Q

factors involved in the passage of the gonads through the abdominal wall

A
  • length of the inguinal canal
  • androgens
  • moist processus vaginalis
25
Q

gubernaculum testis def and what it comes from

A

made by the gubernaculum. is the short muscular cord attaching gonads to abd wall and pulling them through it

26
Q

consequence of gubernaculum testis being too long

A

testes too long, can twist, turn around, block vessels, cause ischemia (may lose a testis)

27
Q

where round ligament of the uterus (previously the gubernaculum) stops in females

A

in the labium major

28
Q

cryptorchidism def

A

hidden testis because of its failure to descend into the scrotum during postnatal first 3 months

29
Q

cryptorchidism most common in who and possible consequences

A

premature males. can cause sterility or neoplasia of the testes

30
Q

molecular receptor that is necessary for passage of gonads through abd wall and molecule that binds to it

A

GR8 (or LGR8) receptor. binds INSL3 (insulin-like 3).

31
Q

what produces INSL3 and where is its receptor

A

Leydig cells in the gonads. Its receptor is GR8, in the gubernaculum

32
Q

3 layers of abdominal wall muscles around the processus vaginalis (also called tunica vaginalis near the gonads) and name

A

inside to outside.

  1. internal spermatic fascia (from transversalis fascia)
  2. cremasteric muscle (from internal oblique)
  3. external spermatic fascia (from external oblique aponeurosis)
33
Q

abd wall muscle that is not pierced through when gonads go through abd wall and that doesn’t go in inguinal canal

A

transversus abdominis (also called transverse oblique)

34
Q

name of the plexus where the vas deferens and the arteries and veins near the gonads are (inside the spermatic cord)

A

pampiniform plexus

35
Q

contents of spermatic cord other than vas deferens and vessels (pampiniform plexus)

A
  1. testicular lymph nodes
  2. autonomic nerves
  3. remains of processus vaginalis (obliterated)
  4. genital branch (MOTOR) of femorogenital nerve supplying cremasteric muscle
36
Q

genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (L1,L2) function and sensory or motor

A

(MOTOR) supplies cremasteric muscle for the cremasteric reflex

37
Q

fibers outside spermatic cord necessary for the cremasteric reflex

A

SENSORY fibers of ilio-inguinal nerve (L1) to the testicle area and inner thigh

38
Q

consequences (2) of partial or total incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis

A
  1. possible indirect hernia is possible (stuff going from abd wall to spermatic cord)
  2. if partial closure, cyst (hydrocoele) can form around the spermatic cord
39
Q

name of processus vaginalis in spermatic cord and name near the testes

A

obliterated processus vaginalis

tunica vaginalis

40
Q

structure supporting the inguinal canal and it extends from where to where

A

inguinal ligament extends from ASIS to pubic tubercle

41
Q

muscles wrapping around the inguinal canal and which is more involved (3)

A

lateral to medial on inguinal ligament: transversus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique aponeurosis forms an arch

42
Q

function of transversus abdominis near spermatic cord

A

protects entry of inguinal canal

43
Q

what protects the external opening of the spermatic cord and inguinal canal (when go deeper inguinal canal)

A

conjoint tendon (joining of internal oblique and aponeurosis of TA extending above pubic tubercle)

44
Q

when increase in abd pressure (coughing, straining), what closes the inguinal canal

A

contraction of TA and internal oblique

45
Q

what forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal (also called an oblique cleft)

A

aponeurosis of external oblique

46
Q

what forms roof (superiorly) of inguinal canal

A

arches of IO and TA

47
Q

(IMPORTANT) what forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal

A

transversalis fascia, reinforced by the conjoint tendon

48
Q

what forms the floor (inferiorly) of the inguinal canal

A

inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament (lacunar = lateral to conjoint, lies on the pubis)

49
Q

3 ligaments visible from interior surf of anterior abd wall and origin

A

median umb l. : urachus (extending to bladder)
medial umb l. : umb. vessels
lateral umb l. : inferior epigastric artery

50
Q

cause of indirect inguinal hernias and occur near what structure

A

lateral (meaning not medial to but on other side) to inferior epigastric a.
caused by congenital muscle weakness + processus vaginalis takes a while to close

51
Q

direct inguinal hernia occurs where

A

medially to inferior epigastric artery, through Hasselbach’s triangle

52
Q

Hasselbach’s triangle 3 sides

A

bottom: inguinal ligament
medial: side of rectus abdominis
lateral: inferior epigastric artery

53
Q

cause of testis torsion, ischemia, etc. other than long gubernaculum testis

A

long and unclosed tunica vaginalis

54
Q

round ligament of the uterus extending from where to where in females

A

from ovaries (are near fallopian tubes) to opening of labium major

55
Q

case of ovary riding the inguinal canal or ligament: what’s the cause

A

anomaly of the fallopian tube

56
Q

ectopic testis cause

A

abnormal gubernaculum attachment, integrity or function.

Bloc E - GI & Metabolism (58 decks)

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