Jan30 M1-Control Systems Flashcards by Django E.

4 components of a control system (with feedback loop)

control centre, effector, regulated variable, sensor

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4 components of control in the control of thyroid hormone conc

control centre: pituitary

effector: pituitary makes TSH, stimulates thyroid to make TH.
variable: thyroid hormone conc
sensor: pituitary

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PSS main nerve and effect on bladder, liver, GI, lungs, heart, saliva

vagus. heart slower. bronchi constrict. bladder contracts. peristaltism and secretion. flow of saliva. secretion of bile

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SS gland that helps its effect + effect on pupils, saliva, GI, liver, medulla and bladder

adrenal gland. dilates pupils, less saliva, less peristaltism+no secretion, conversion of glycogen to glucose (liver), NE and E by medulla, bladder relaxation

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hormone def

molecular mediator of intercellular information transfer

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streams hormone can take to go act on other site

bloodstream, synaptic cleft, interstitial space, adjacent cell, same cell

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autocrine vs paracrine vs endocrine

endocrine = goes in blood
paracrine = neighboring cell
autocrine = acts on cell that secretes it

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diff modes of action of hormones on a cell and examples

plasma membrane receptor (can’t get through membrane) = peptide hormone
cytoplasmic (and then nuclear) or nuclear receptor. ex: steroid hormone

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6 peripheral endocrine glands

thyroid and parathyroid
thymus
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovary or testis

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what acts on the peripheral endocrine glands

pituitary gland and pituitary hormones

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what acts on pituitary and how

hypothalamus releasing factors. released in portal pituitary blood vessels

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endocrine neuron def and example

neuron that secretes hormone. ex. hypothalamus neuron with axon extending to posterior pituitary and secreting oxytocin and ADH there

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what acts on hypothalamus

brain neurotransmitters

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how feedback works in endocrine system (HP axis)

circulating hormones made by peripheral glands act on peripheral glands, pituitary and hypothalamus to feedback.

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ways messages are transmitted in HP axis (endocrine system)

brain to H: nts via axons and synapses
H to P: releasing factors via hypothalamo-hypothyseal portal system
P to peripheral endocrine: pituitary hormones, general circulation
peripheral endocrine: hormones, circulation

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HP axis hormones on thyroid

TRH (TSH releasing hormone) and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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HP axis hormones for growth

GRF (GH releasing factor) (+) or somatostatin (-)

GH in pituitary

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HP axis for gonads

Gonadotropin releasing H (GnRH)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)

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HP axis on adrenals

CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic H)

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HP axis on mammary gland

dopamine from H INHIBITS release of prolactin of pituitary

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how to check thyroid function clinically and why

TSH levels because t3 and t4 bind to proteins

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TSH levels meaning

high TSH = hypothyroidism

low TSH = hyperthyroidism

hypothalamus to posterior vs to anterior pituitary: mode of hormonal messaging + explanation

posterior = neurotransmitter (neuron only)
anterior = neuroendocrine (hormone to blood)
endocrine = cell to blood (pancreas, adrenal)

two modes of hormonal communication of hypothalamus

neurotransmitter (produces and releases in posterior pituitary ‘‘region’’)
neuroendocrine (TRH release to portal blood system, TRH reaches cell. TSH already produce in anterior pituitary released by anterior pituitary in response to TRH in portal blood

estrogen effect on HP axis

can have positive or negative effect on pituitary (pituitary produces and releases FSH and LH)

FSH and LH effects in male

LH stimulates production of testosterone | FSH stims prod of sperm (by supporting Sertoli cells)

other name for cortisol

stress hormone

only pituitary hormone that is regulated by negative feedback alone and which feedback

prolactin. dopamine's negative feedback

only HP axis hormone that is not a peptide hormone and what it is

dopamine (from H): is derived from an a.a

effect of high prolactin on mammary gland

development and milk production

effect of high prolactin on gonads

inhibits GnRH so FSH and LH are not produced (natural contraceptive when mother producing milk)

pathologic state where high prolactin and name and possible consequence

prolactinoma (pituitary tumor) | can cause infertility bc inhibits GnRH

effect of sucking stimulus on the breast

spinal afferents act on hypothalamus and less dopamine released so more prolactin production and release

exogenous factors that can increase prolactin and cause contraceptive effect or infertility

some tranquilizers in psychiatry like antidepressants, tranquilizers and alpha-methyl-dopa (dopamine antagonists) less dopamine = more prolactin

other name for ADH or vasopressin

AVP (arginine-vasopressin)

how hypothalamus can sense the need to produce and release AVP + other stimulus for ADH release

osmoreceptors on it | blood volume is also a stimulus for ADH release

if 100L filtered daily in the glomerulus, how much reabsorbed if AVP active (rest of nephron vs collecting duct)

85 L before CD 15 L at collecting duct all 100L reabsorbed

exogenous stimuli on vasopressin secretion (2)

alcohol inhibits it (beer makes you pee) | nicotin stimulates ADH

oxytocin stimulus to release and functions (2)

baby sucking nipple stimulates oxytocin release | oxytocin stimulates SM for milk release and uterine contractions

what adrenals produce in response to ACTH

cortisol

what ovary and testis produce in response to FSH and LH

testoserone and inhibin | progesterone, estrogen and inhibin

magnocellular vs neuroendocrine

magnocellular is neuroendocrine but is hypoth neuron that has axon extending in posterior pituitary secretes stuff there (as if it comes from post pit) neuroendrine = neuron secretes hormone in blood

what hormones secreted in pulsatile fashion + meaning

GnRH and therefore FSH, LH and progesterone and estrogen. means secreted at fixed interval

why GnRH might be released in pulsatile fashion

frequency might be what determines if it's rather FSH or LH that is stimulated

only non peptide hormone of HP axis and type of molecule

dopamine. is an amide (a.a derivative)

stimuli to GnRH release in males and females (4 ex)

visual, olfactory, pineal, stress

how ovaries feedback in response to FSH and LH

- progesterone and estrogen neg feedback on pituitary and hypothalamus - inhibitn neg feedback on pituitary

how testes feedback in response to FSH and LH

- testosterone neg feedback on pituitary and hypothalamus | - inhibin neg feedback on pituitary

ACTH function

stimulates adrenal cortex to make cortisol

2 influences on hypothalamus in HP-adrenal axis

circadian rhythm, stress

how adrenal cortex feedbacks in response to ACTH

-cortisol neg feedback on hypoth and pit

molecule that stimulates pit hormone to make ACTH, other than CRF

epinephrine

condition where AVP (ADH)'s action on CTs doesn't work and consequence

diabetes insipidus. 14L water reabsorbed daily in CT is secreted

oxytocin feedback loop

positive feedback. suckling on nipple = stimulated prod of oxytocin by hypoth neurons via afferent impulses