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Bloc E - GI & Metabolism > Jan30 M1-Control Systems > Flashcards

Jan30 M1-Control Systems Flashcards

1
Q

4 components of a control system (with feedback loop)

A

control centre, effector, regulated variable, sensor

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2
Q

4 components of control in the control of thyroid hormone conc

A

control centre: pituitary

effector: pituitary makes TSH, stimulates thyroid to make TH.
variable: thyroid hormone conc
sensor: pituitary

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3
Q

PSS main nerve and effect on bladder, liver, GI, lungs, heart, saliva

A

vagus. heart slower. bronchi constrict. bladder contracts. peristaltism and secretion. flow of saliva. secretion of bile

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4
Q

SS gland that helps its effect + effect on pupils, saliva, GI, liver, medulla and bladder

A

adrenal gland. dilates pupils, less saliva, less peristaltism+no secretion, conversion of glycogen to glucose (liver), NE and E by medulla, bladder relaxation

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5
Q

hormone def

A

molecular mediator of intercellular information transfer

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6
Q

streams hormone can take to go act on other site

A

bloodstream, synaptic cleft, interstitial space, adjacent cell, same cell

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7
Q

autocrine vs paracrine vs endocrine

A 
endocrine = goes in blood
paracrine = neighboring cell
autocrine = acts on cell that secretes it
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8
Q

diff modes of action of hormones on a cell and examples

A
  • plasma membrane receptor (can’t get through membrane) = peptide hormone
  • cytoplasmic (and then nuclear) or nuclear receptor. ex: steroid hormone
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9
Q

6 peripheral endocrine glands

A
  • thyroid and parathyroid
  • thymus
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • ovary or testis
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10
Q

what acts on the peripheral endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland and pituitary hormones

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11
Q

what acts on pituitary and how

A

hypothalamus releasing factors. released in portal pituitary blood vessels

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12
Q

endocrine neuron def and example

A

neuron that secretes hormone. ex. hypothalamus neuron with axon extending to posterior pituitary and secreting oxytocin and ADH there

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13
Q

what acts on hypothalamus

A

brain neurotransmitters

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14
Q

how feedback works in endocrine system (HP axis)

A

circulating hormones made by peripheral glands act on peripheral glands, pituitary and hypothalamus to feedback.

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15
Q

ways messages are transmitted in HP axis (endocrine system)

A

brain to H: nts via axons and synapses
H to P: releasing factors via hypothalamo-hypothyseal portal system
P to peripheral endocrine: pituitary hormones, general circulation
peripheral endocrine: hormones, circulation

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16
Q

HP axis hormones on thyroid

A

TRH (TSH releasing hormone) and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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17
Q

HP axis hormones for growth

A

GRF (GH releasing factor) (+) or somatostatin (-)

GH in pituitary

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18
Q

HP axis for gonads

A

Gonadotropin releasing H (GnRH)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)

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19
Q

HP axis on adrenals

A

CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic H)

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20
Q

HP axis on mammary gland

A

dopamine from H INHIBITS release of prolactin of pituitary

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21
Q

how to check thyroid function clinically and why

A

TSH levels because t3 and t4 bind to proteins

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22
Q

TSH levels meaning

A

high TSH = hypothyroidism

low TSH = hyperthyroidism

23
Q

hypothalamus to posterior vs to anterior pituitary: mode of hormonal messaging + explanation

A 
posterior = neurotransmitter (neuron only)
anterior = neuroendocrine (hormone to blood)
endocrine = cell to blood (pancreas, adrenal)
24
Q

two modes of hormonal communication of hypothalamus

A
  1. neurotransmitter (produces and releases in posterior pituitary ‘‘region’’)
  2. neuroendocrine (TRH release to portal blood system, TRH reaches cell. TSH already produce in anterior pituitary released by anterior pituitary in response to TRH in portal blood
25
Q

estrogen effect on HP axis

A

can have positive or negative effect on pituitary (pituitary produces and releases FSH and LH)

26
Q

FSH and LH effects in male

A

LH stimulates production of testosterone

FSH stims prod of sperm (by supporting Sertoli cells)

27
Q

other name for cortisol

A

stress hormone

28
Q

only pituitary hormone that is regulated by negative feedback alone and which feedback

A

prolactin. dopamine’s negative feedback

29
Q

only HP axis hormone that is not a peptide hormone and what it is

A

dopamine (from H): is derived from an a.a

30
Q

effect of high prolactin on mammary gland

A

development and milk production

31
Q

effect of high prolactin on gonads

A

inhibits GnRH so FSH and LH are not produced (natural contraceptive when mother producing milk)

32
Q

pathologic state where high prolactin and name and possible consequence

A

prolactinoma (pituitary tumor)

can cause infertility bc inhibits GnRH

33
Q

effect of sucking stimulus on the breast

A

spinal afferents act on hypothalamus and less dopamine released so more prolactin production and release

34
Q

exogenous factors that can increase prolactin and cause contraceptive effect or infertility

A

some tranquilizers in psychiatry like antidepressants, tranquilizers and alpha-methyl-dopa (dopamine antagonists) less dopamine = more prolactin

35
Q

other name for ADH or vasopressin

A

AVP (arginine-vasopressin)

36
Q

how hypothalamus can sense the need to produce and release AVP + other stimulus for ADH release

A

osmoreceptors on it

blood volume is also a stimulus for ADH release

37
Q

if 100L filtered daily in the glomerulus, how much reabsorbed if AVP active (rest of nephron vs collecting duct)

A

85 L before CD
15 L at collecting duct
all 100L reabsorbed

38
Q

exogenous stimuli on vasopressin secretion (2)

A

alcohol inhibits it (beer makes you pee)

nicotin stimulates ADH

39
Q

oxytocin stimulus to release and functions (2)

A

baby sucking nipple stimulates oxytocin release

oxytocin stimulates SM for milk release and uterine contractions

40
Q

what adrenals produce in response to ACTH

A

cortisol

41
Q

what ovary and testis produce in response to FSH and LH

A

testoserone and inhibin

progesterone, estrogen and inhibin

42
Q

magnocellular vs neuroendocrine

A

magnocellular is neuroendocrine but is hypoth neuron that has axon extending in posterior pituitary secretes stuff there (as if it comes from post pit)
neuroendrine = neuron secretes hormone in blood

43
Q

what hormones secreted in pulsatile fashion + meaning

A

GnRH and therefore FSH, LH and progesterone and estrogen. means secreted at fixed interval

44
Q

why GnRH might be released in pulsatile fashion

A

frequency might be what determines if it’s rather FSH or LH that is stimulated

45
Q

only non peptide hormone of HP axis and type of molecule

A

dopamine. is an amide (a.a derivative)

46
Q

stimuli to GnRH release in males and females (4 ex)

A

visual, olfactory, pineal, stress

47
Q

how ovaries feedback in response to FSH and LH

A
  • progesterone and estrogen neg feedback on pituitary and hypothalamus
  • inhibitn neg feedback on pituitary
48
Q

how testes feedback in response to FSH and LH

A
  • testosterone neg feedback on pituitary and hypothalamus

- inhibin neg feedback on pituitary

49
Q

ACTH function

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to make cortisol

50
Q

2 influences on hypothalamus in HP-adrenal axis

A

circadian rhythm, stress

51
Q

how adrenal cortex feedbacks in response to ACTH

A

-cortisol neg feedback on hypoth and pit

52
Q

molecule that stimulates pit hormone to make ACTH, other than CRF

A

epinephrine

53
Q

condition where AVP (ADH)’s action on CTs doesn’t work and consequence

A

diabetes insipidus. 14L water reabsorbed daily in CT is secreted

54
Q

oxytocin feedback loop

A

positive feedback. suckling on nipple = stimulated prod of oxytocin by hypoth neurons via afferent impulses

Bloc E - GI & Metabolism (58 decks)

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