ISSUES AND DEBATES Flashcards

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1
Q

Advantages of using children in psychology

A

+ Able to investigate child development and early life by determining why children behave the way they do as they age.
+ children are seen as better participants than adults as they are considered naive and will display natural behaviour
+ Understanding children thoughts can help understand adults thoughts

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2
Q

Disadvantages of using children in psychology

A

-may not understand the task due to its complex language
-children can be prone to harm or long term effects
-cannot give informed consent and may be hard to give a debrief

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3
Q

Describe the use of children in Saveedra and Silverman

A
  • the boy and mother both gave consent
  • psychological distress did occur however was a benefit in the long run as he got rid of the phobia
  • a useful study in investigating phobias in children
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4
Q

Describe the use of children in Bandura

A
  • Children cannot give informed consent however consent was gotten from guardians
  • They went through psychological distress
  • The study helps us understand how children are able to imitate behaviour by observing adults
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5
Q

Describe the use of children in Pozzulo

A
  • Right to withdraw: - children were repeatedly told that they wouldn’t be getting into trouble as they are considered more vulnerable
  • wore casual professional clothing and played crafting activities with them
  • informed consent was given to their parents
  • children were monitored for stress, fatigue and anxiety
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6
Q

Advantages of use of animal in psychology

A

+ Easier to control the environment of animals than humans (more ethical)
+ can carry out longitudinal studies on animals
+ can tell us what similar and what is different between humans and animals

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7
Q

Disadvantage of use of animal in psychology

A

-Cannot obtain reasons as to why they behave the way they do.
-Animals research is more biologically determined while humans are influenced by culture and society so can limit generalisability

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8
Q

Describe the use of animals in Hassett

A
  • easier to control their environment to observe their behaviour without socialisation
  • can be argued that controlling the behaviour may have been stressful
  • it being a comparative study showed the causes of gender differences in children
  • animal ethics were kept
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9
Q

Describe the use of animals in Fagan et al.

A
  • The training was carried out for several weeks and almost daily as well as the motivation being food, this would have been unpractical for humans
  • Animal ethics were maintained and no harm or deprivation was shown
  • the training was beneficial for their well being.
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10
Q

Advantages of individual vs situational

A

+ useful for society by investigating how behaviours are determined
+ educating people of the power of the situation avoids blame

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11
Q

Disadvantages of individual vs situational

A

-difficult to separate the effects of a situation from the disposition of a participant
-difficult to control the environment and also difficult to establish ecological validity

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12
Q

MILGRAM: Ind vs sit

A

IND:
- 14 Participants were defiant
- may have felt obligated to continue do to obtaining their role by “due to chance”

SIT:
- The location- Yale University
- were paid

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13
Q

PERRY: Ind vs Sit

A

IND:
- Personal traits such as empathy levels
- the perceived threat from the protagonist

SIT:
- What type of protagonist would show
- culture

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14
Q

PILIAVIN: Ind vs Sit

A

IND:
- Physical abilities (men help more than women)

SIT:
- The amount of help given was determined by which trial was taken place, the ill trials received more help than the drunk trials

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15
Q

ANDRADE: I vs S

A

IND:
- the number of shapes doodled differed between them (Different doodling styles)

SIT:
- Which situation they were placed in either in the doodling situation or in the control situation that affected their performance

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16
Q

POZZULO: I vs S

A

IND:
- Some children may have better familiarity with the 2 cartoon shows

SIT:
- False positives could be explained due to social factors

17
Q

BARON COHEN: Indvidual

A
  • differences in scores are attributed to differences in theory of mind
  • with GRP 1 having a lower theory of mind than the remaining control groups
  • this can’t be due to IQ or gender recognition
18
Q

BANDURA: I vs S

A

IND:
- some children in the control group and N-aggressive group still displayed aggression

SIT:
-The number of aggressive acts were determined based on which type of model they were exposed to

19
Q

FAGEN: I vs S

A

IND:
- Elephants session times and number of sessions differed between them
- Health implications (elephant 5)

SIT:
- The elephants were placed in various situations of learning different behaviours which lead to them learning how to perform a trunk wash with the use of SPR training

20
Q

SAVEEDRA: I vs S

A

IND:
- The subjective ratings provided may have been influenced by personal factors such as age

SIT:
- His ratings changed depending on which type of therapy sessions he was covering.

21
Q

DEMENT: I vs S

A

IND:
- Rem patterns differed between participants

SIT:
- The number of dreams recalled were determined by when they were awakened either REM or NREM

22
Q

HASSETT: individual

A

IND:
- The gender of the monkey determined which toy they preferred

23
Q

HOLZEL: I vs S

A

IND:
- The average time spent on the exercises differed between the participants

SIT:
- The grey matter changes were determined based on whether they took the MBSR training or did not.

24
Q

Advantage of Nature vs Nurture debate

A

+ The distinction helps to identify inherited or learnt traits

25
Q

Disadvantage of Nature vs Nurture debate

A

-It is too simplistic to divide the debates as the 2 often combine in complex ways to influence behaviour

26
Q

MILGRAM: nurture

A
  • Germans are not “different” and are not naturally obedient
  • due to their upbringing or environments, a person reacts differently towards obedience
27
Q

PILIAVIN: N vs N

A

NAT:
- The situation caused arousal and made them feel un-easy so led to them helping more

NUR:
- Helping behaviour can be determined by a persons upbringing and their environment/ culture

28
Q

PERRY: N vs N

A

NAT:
- Oxytocin had a biological effect on the persons attention to social cues and space preferences

NUR:
- Cues that we learn from the environment can affect our space preferences
- empathy can be affected by our own upbringing and environment

29
Q

ANDRADE: N vs N

A

NAT:
- The individual may have inherited better/ poor concentration abilities that affect their recall

NUR:
- People could have adopted different doodling styles

30
Q

BAERON COHEN: N v N

A

NAT:
- Autism is a biological disorder leading to a low theory of mind

NUR:
- Individuals with autism can learn social skills and communication

31
Q

SAVEEDRA: Nurture

A
  • The boy revealed how he got the phobia when he was 5 years old
  • Through imagery exposure he managed to learn how to overcome his phobia
32
Q

BANDURA: N vs N

A

NAT:
- Girls were more likely to imitate more physical aggression (7.3) from male model than female model (5.5)

NUR:
- the children showed that they learnt aggressive behaviour

33
Q

FAGEN: N vs N

A

NAT:
- the health implications such as trunk weakness, age and visual impairment led to poor learning from the adult elephant

NUR:
- The elephants managed to learn the trunk was through training with rewards

34
Q

DEMENT: N vs N

A

NAT:
- Able to investigate the relationships between REM and dreams through EEG

NUR:
- The content of the dreams can be said to be a result of the environment and experiences in the real world

35
Q

HASSETT: N vs N

A

NAT:
- The differences in hormones between females and monkeys led to their toy preferences

NUR:
- The relationship found between rank and interaction with toys

36
Q

HOLZEL: N vs N

A

NAT:
- structural plasticity occurred

NUR:
- The participants had to learn the exercises from the program in order to learn how to deal with stress

37
Q

INVDIDUAL VS SITUATIONAL

A

Individual: this is plains an event will look to some feature or trait in the person themselves
Situational: Looks at the social group, environment or people influencing their behaviour

38
Q

NATURE VS NURTURE

A

Nature: when characteristics traits are a result of being innate or genetically determined
Nurture: When characteristics are a result of the persons personal experiences/upbringing from the environment.