ISSUES AND DEBATES Flashcards
Advantages of using children in psychology
+ Able to investigate child development and early life by determining why children behave the way they do as they age.
+ children are seen as better participants than adults as they are considered naive and will display natural behaviour
+ Understanding children thoughts can help understand adults thoughts
Disadvantages of using children in psychology
-may not understand the task due to its complex language
-children can be prone to harm or long term effects
-cannot give informed consent and may be hard to give a debrief
Describe the use of children in Saveedra and Silverman
- the boy and mother both gave consent
- psychological distress did occur however was a benefit in the long run as he got rid of the phobia
- a useful study in investigating phobias in children
Describe the use of children in Bandura
- Children cannot give informed consent however consent was gotten from guardians
- They went through psychological distress
- The study helps us understand how children are able to imitate behaviour by observing adults
Describe the use of children in Pozzulo
- Right to withdraw: - children were repeatedly told that they wouldn’t be getting into trouble as they are considered more vulnerable
- wore casual professional clothing and played crafting activities with them
- informed consent was given to their parents
- children were monitored for stress, fatigue and anxiety
Advantages of use of animal in psychology
+ Easier to control the environment of animals than humans (more ethical)
+ can carry out longitudinal studies on animals
+ can tell us what similar and what is different between humans and animals
Disadvantage of use of animal in psychology
-Cannot obtain reasons as to why they behave the way they do.
-Animals research is more biologically determined while humans are influenced by culture and society so can limit generalisability
Describe the use of animals in Hassett
- easier to control their environment to observe their behaviour without socialisation
- can be argued that controlling the behaviour may have been stressful
- it being a comparative study showed the causes of gender differences in children
- animal ethics were kept
Describe the use of animals in Fagan et al.
- The training was carried out for several weeks and almost daily as well as the motivation being food, this would have been unpractical for humans
- Animal ethics were maintained and no harm or deprivation was shown
- the training was beneficial for their well being.
Advantages of individual vs situational
+ useful for society by investigating how behaviours are determined
+ educating people of the power of the situation avoids blame
Disadvantages of individual vs situational
-difficult to separate the effects of a situation from the disposition of a participant
-difficult to control the environment and also difficult to establish ecological validity
MILGRAM: Ind vs sit
IND:
- 14 Participants were defiant
- may have felt obligated to continue do to obtaining their role by “due to chance”
SIT:
- The location- Yale University
- were paid
PERRY: Ind vs Sit
IND:
- Personal traits such as empathy levels
- the perceived threat from the protagonist
SIT:
- What type of protagonist would show
- culture
PILIAVIN: Ind vs Sit
IND:
- Physical abilities (men help more than women)
SIT:
- The amount of help given was determined by which trial was taken place, the ill trials received more help than the drunk trials
ANDRADE: I vs S
IND:
- the number of shapes doodled differed between them (Different doodling styles)
SIT:
- Which situation they were placed in either in the doodling situation or in the control situation that affected their performance
POZZULO: I vs S
IND:
- Some children may have better familiarity with the 2 cartoon shows
SIT:
- False positives could be explained due to social factors
BARON COHEN: Indvidual
- differences in scores are attributed to differences in theory of mind
- with GRP 1 having a lower theory of mind than the remaining control groups
- this can’t be due to IQ or gender recognition
BANDURA: I vs S
IND:
- some children in the control group and N-aggressive group still displayed aggression
SIT:
-The number of aggressive acts were determined based on which type of model they were exposed to
FAGEN: I vs S
IND:
- Elephants session times and number of sessions differed between them
- Health implications (elephant 5)
SIT:
- The elephants were placed in various situations of learning different behaviours which lead to them learning how to perform a trunk wash with the use of SPR training
SAVEEDRA: I vs S
IND:
- The subjective ratings provided may have been influenced by personal factors such as age
SIT:
- His ratings changed depending on which type of therapy sessions he was covering.
DEMENT: I vs S
IND:
- Rem patterns differed between participants
SIT:
- The number of dreams recalled were determined by when they were awakened either REM or NREM
HASSETT: individual
IND:
- The gender of the monkey determined which toy they preferred
HOLZEL: I vs S
IND:
- The average time spent on the exercises differed between the participants
SIT:
- The grey matter changes were determined based on whether they took the MBSR training or did not.
Advantage of Nature vs Nurture debate
+ The distinction helps to identify inherited or learnt traits
Disadvantage of Nature vs Nurture debate
-It is too simplistic to divide the debates as the 2 often combine in complex ways to influence behaviour
MILGRAM: nurture
- Germans are not “different” and are not naturally obedient
- due to their upbringing or environments, a person reacts differently towards obedience
PILIAVIN: N vs N
NAT:
- The situation caused arousal and made them feel un-easy so led to them helping more
NUR:
- Helping behaviour can be determined by a persons upbringing and their environment/ culture
PERRY: N vs N
NAT:
- Oxytocin had a biological effect on the persons attention to social cues and space preferences
NUR:
- Cues that we learn from the environment can affect our space preferences
- empathy can be affected by our own upbringing and environment
ANDRADE: N vs N
NAT:
- The individual may have inherited better/ poor concentration abilities that affect their recall
NUR:
- People could have adopted different doodling styles
BAERON COHEN: N v N
NAT:
- Autism is a biological disorder leading to a low theory of mind
NUR:
- Individuals with autism can learn social skills and communication
SAVEEDRA: Nurture
- The boy revealed how he got the phobia when he was 5 years old
- Through imagery exposure he managed to learn how to overcome his phobia
BANDURA: N vs N
NAT:
- Girls were more likely to imitate more physical aggression (7.3) from male model than female model (5.5)
NUR:
- the children showed that they learnt aggressive behaviour
FAGEN: N vs N
NAT:
- the health implications such as trunk weakness, age and visual impairment led to poor learning from the adult elephant
NUR:
- The elephants managed to learn the trunk was through training with rewards
DEMENT: N vs N
NAT:
- Able to investigate the relationships between REM and dreams through EEG
NUR:
- The content of the dreams can be said to be a result of the environment and experiences in the real world
HASSETT: N vs N
NAT:
- The differences in hormones between females and monkeys led to their toy preferences
NUR:
- The relationship found between rank and interaction with toys
HOLZEL: N vs N
NAT:
- structural plasticity occurred
NUR:
- The participants had to learn the exercises from the program in order to learn how to deal with stress
INVDIDUAL VS SITUATIONAL
Individual: this is plains an event will look to some feature or trait in the person themselves
Situational: Looks at the social group, environment or people influencing their behaviour
NATURE VS NURTURE
Nature: when characteristics traits are a result of being innate or genetically determined
Nurture: When characteristics are a result of the persons personal experiences/upbringing from the environment.
