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Psychology > BIOLOGICAL APPROACH-Dement & Kleitmen (sleep and dream) > Flashcards

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH-Dement & Kleitmen (sleep and dream) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the psychology being investigated

A
  • Ultradian rhythm: A cycle that repeats more often than daily
  • REM: A stage during sleep in which our eyes move rapidly under the lids and associate with visual dreams
  • NREM: Stages 1-4 and our eyes are kept still, here sleep is quiet and is not associated with dreaming.
  • EEG machine used to measure brain activity
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2
Q

what was the background

A
  • they wanted to investigate the relationship between sleep and dreaming
  • they used an EEG to identify REM and NREM
  • They wanted to objectively and reliably find a way to measure whether a person dreams or not
  • they decided to gain biological evidence
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3
Q

What are the 3 main aims

A

1) Are participants more likely to dream during REM or NREM?
2)Is there positive correlation between subjective estimates of the duration of the dreams and the length of REM period?
3)Are eye movement related to dream content?

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4
Q

What is a correlation

A

This is a statistical measure that can investigate or see relationships between/ among variables

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5
Q

mention 2 strengths of using correlations in this study

A

-Theories/ concepts can be formulated about psychological phenomena by looking at how variables can relate
-Do not require any manipulation so can be used where experiments. are impractical

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6
Q

What is the IV and DV of this study

A

IV-Being in REM or NREM
- 5 or 15 mins duration
- the eye movement patterns
DV-Whether they were dreaming or not?
- dream content
- dream duration

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7
Q

what was their methodology based on

A
  • observations: using the EEG
  • Interviews: semi structured interviews
  • correlations: patterns of eye movement with what they were dreaming for how long
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8
Q

what type of experimental design was used and give a strength of using it

A
  • repeated measures design
    + There are fewer participant variables
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9
Q

Describe the sample and how they were allocated in the study

A
  • 7 male
  • 2 female
  • all adults
  • 5 were studied in detail
  • 4 were to confirm the results of the first five
  • all were from Chicago USA
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10
Q

Give one subjective and one objective report of the study

A
  • Objective- EEG
  • Subjective - Based on the dreamers recall of content and duration
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11
Q

Give the functions of the psychometric tests used in the study

A
  • EEG: Traces cyclical changes in the brain activity
  • EOG: Traces eye movement during sleep
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12
Q

How were the conditions of each participant standardised before sleeping

A
  • eating normally
  • No alcohol
  • No caffeine containing drinks
  • report a bit earlier than usual bedtime
  • All slept in a quiet dark room
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13
Q

What occurred in Procedures 1

A

Participants were woken at several times at the night at periods when it was REM and NREM, they were then given in the interview.

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14
Q

What occurred in Procedure 2

A

Participants were woken 5-15 mins into their REM sleep. They were then asked to give an estimate of how long their dreams were. The number of words used to narrate the dream was also noted

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15
Q

What occurred in Procedure 3

A

Once the EOG detected eye movements, they were then woken up to recall what/ content they were dreaming about

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16
Q

State the different ways the subjects were woken up

A

PM & KC- random number generator either REM or NREM
DN- Pattern of 3 REM followed by 3 NREM
WD- Deceived only told that they will be woken in REM
IR- was the researchers choice

17
Q

Mention 2 main results found in the study

A
  • REM patterns varied per individual
  • There was an overall higher incidence of dream recall following REM than in NREM.
18
Q

State 2 results from procedure 1

A
  • Awakenings from REM: 79.6%
  • Awakenings from NREM: 7%
  • 152 dreams recalled in REM
  • 11 Dreams recalled in NREM
  • 39 dreams not recalled- REM
  • 149 dreams not recalled- NREM
19
Q

State 2 results from procedure 2

A
  • There was a positive correlation between REM duration and words in recall
  • estimation of REM duration for 5 mins: 88% correct
  • estimation of REM duration for 15 mins: 78%
  • average correlation of + 0.58
20
Q

What were the 4 eye pattern movements recorded

A
  • Vertical movement
  • Horizontal movement
  • Mixture of Vertical and Horizontal
  • Very little or no movement
21
Q

State one dream found from Vertical eye movements and Very little eye movement

A
  • VERTICAL: Climbing ladders and looking up and down as they did
  • LITTLE : Driving a car and staring at the distance.
22
Q

State one dream found from horizontal eye movements and a mixture of both horizontal and vertical eye movements

A

HORIZONTAL: Watching people throw tomatoes at each other
MIXTURE: Talking to a group of people

23
Q

State 3 conclusions made from the study

A
  • Dreams only occur during REM, dreams recorded at NREM are from previous REM episodes
  • Dreams unfold at a pace similar to real life events due to a positive correlation of duration
  • The eye movements correlate to where and what the dreamer was looking at showing it to not be random.
24
Q

How can the study’s findings contribute to the development of interventions for sleep-related issues

A
  • The EEG monitor can help with recognising whether a person has a sleep disorder based around REM sleep. This could determine whether they are typical or atypical.
25
Q

Mention 5 strengths in the study

A

1- High standardisation and controls e.g the bell for waking up. Can test for reliability
2- Few demand characteristics as they were not told whether they were in REM sleep or not
3- Had given participants a fixed range of 5 or 15 mins on duration which helped reduce participant variables and the ability to guess
4- to avoid researcher bias, they used a tape recorder
5- Use of quantitative data (Objective measures taken) and qualitative

26
Q

Mention 4 weaknesses from the study

A

1- Lack of ecological validity: sleeping with electrodes is not usual. Those with a regular use of caffeine or alcohol could have atypical dreams
2- Lack of generalisability
3- Use of subjective measures affects validity, not just based on REM phase length but also the individuals expressiveness
4 -disruption of natural sleep pattern could affect the nature of their dream content

27
Q

What are the ethical concerns from this study

A
  • an element of deception: participant WD was deceived about what time he shall be woken up from
  • Participants may have not been aware of the effects of sleep interruption
  • privacy: some participants may have felt uncomfortable revealing personal dreams
28
Q

State one point given towards the Nature side of the debate

A

> The use of both objective (EEG) and subjective (dream content) can help provide evidence for our biological processes in this case the link between our dream content and eye movement
All participants carried out REM and NREM and showed that more dreaming occurs in REM suggesting that these patterns are innate.

29
Q

State one point given towards the Nurture side of the debate

A

> Dream content relates to our experiences hence, as people’s nurture varies and they have different experiences/ environment, dreams also do vary for every individual. As well as the duration of dreams relating to Nurture.

30
Q

what was the additional aim in the study

A
  • to investigate whether REM sleep correlates with the number of words used to report a dream.
31
Q

state 4 results of the REM sleep period for all participants

A
  • one REM period every 92 minutes
  • average REM sleep duration of 20 mins
  • longer REM sleep periods later in the night
  • rapid eye movements were about 2- 100
32
Q

How did they confirm the EEG was functioning

A
  • 20 awake participants were attached to the EEG who moved their eyes vertically and horizontally
  • this was to test if the machine was able to determine which eye movement patterns were showing
33
Q

Describe the results for IR

A
  • recalled 26 dreams
  • 11 correct estimated 5 min dreams
  • 7 correct for 15 mins
34
Q

Results for KC

A
  • 36 dreams recalled
  • 7 correct estimations for 5 mins
  • 12 correct for 15 mins
35
Q

Results for DN

A
  • recalled 17 dreams
  • 8 correct estimates for 5 mins
  • 5 correct estimates for 15
36
Q

Results for WD

A
  • Recalled 37 dreams
  • 13 correct estimations for 5 mins
    -15 correct estimations for 15 mins
37
Q

Results for PM

A
  • 24 dreams recalled
  • 6 correct estimations for 5 mins
  • 8 correct estimation 15 mins

Psychology (24 decks)

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