COGNITIVE APPROACH- Andrade (DOODLING) Flashcards
describe the background of the study
- daydreaming is linked to boredom
- arousal levels need to be maintained to be able to concentrate
- boredom plays a role in paying attention to info
- it has been assumed that concurrent tasks disrupt our concentration
What was the psychology being investigated
prior to the study it was unknown whether the act of doodling impair attention processes by taking resources from the primary task or aiding concentration
- multitasking can act as a distractor
- dual tasks may compete for the same levels of performance
What was the aim
Test whether doodling while listening aids in concentration in a boring task
Describe the 4 features of the. sample
-40 participants
-all from the applied psychology unit panel
-18-55 years
-paid
What sampling method was used here
Opportunity sampling- she took advantage of the fact that they were already available and decided to use that to also instigate boredom or fatigue
Describe the recording of the telephone in the experiment
- monotonous tone
- was played at a comfortable volume
- Mentioned 8 people who will attend the party plus 3 people and one cat who will not be attending as well as 8 locations in the UK
- played for 2.5 mins
- 227 words per minute
what were the IVs of the study
-doodling and control group
how were the materials standardised for the doodling group
-10 shapes per row
-alternated between squares and circles
-shapes were 1 cm in diameter on an A4 piece of paper
how was counterbalancing used
-Half of the participants recalled the names and then the locations
-the other half recalled the places first then the names
Why was counterbalancing used
This is in order to minimise extraneous variables e.g fatigue to reduce order effects.
what is a concurrent task
an additional activity with a cognitive demand that we can perform at the same time as a primary task
mention the 2 of the overall results found for all groups
-Recalled names were performed better than recalling locations
- few false alarms occurred (average- 0.3)
what was the conclusion of the study
- Doodling aids in concentration during boring tasks as well as memory for information we have not intentionally tried to store
what was the DV of the study
-The mean correct recall, memory scores and the false alarm
what were the strengths of the study
-Standardised procedure could be replicated to test for reliability
-the controls were strict for a cause and effect
-counterbalancing
- those that were aware of the surprise tasks (18%) their scores were excluded however results were the same
- quantiative data collection
- validity (took part in previous study)
how was validity shown in the study
-The monotonous tone of the call as well as all participants being kept in a dull room. this was valid as any differences between the two conditions was doodling or not.
-the paper for the doodling group was not the same for the control
- they were required to write down a list of names of their friends so that it wouldn’t appear in the mock telephone
- counterbalancing took place
what were the weaknesses of the study
-Lacked mundane realism to have an unexpected recall task
-lacked generalisability (more motivated to perform better than others)
-use of IMD: some may be able to concentrate better than others or better memory
What was the ethic issue in the study and how was it justified
Deception
-it was justifiable as it was necessary for the study to be completed successfully and would not have affected the participants in the study.
Therefore NO informed consent
applications to everyday life could be
> Listening to a class
therapists
attending meetings
give an individual explanation to the study
-personality type that requires extra simulation when processing info
-some may be used to doodling to concentrate
- The shapes they doodled differed between individuals in the doodling group, people may have doodled in a particular way to help them concentrate better
Give a situational explanation to the study
-the situation they were placed in or the conditions taken for them to be bored so that the ACT of doodling is what helped.
- It depended which group they belonged to that determined how they performed or not
give examples of false alarms when recalling the names of the party go-ers
- Greg for Craig
- any new name
- names mentioned as lures
Describe what occurred after listening to the tape
- One minute later, participants were surprised with a recall test where they had to write down names of the:
- party goers (8)
- Locations (8)
Describe the results for the doodling group for monitored task (recording names)
- mean number of names recorded :7.8
- Number of people scoring full 8/8:
15/20 - Number of people made false alarms: 1
Describe the results for the control group for monitored task
- mean number of names: 7.1
- number of people scoring full: 9/20
- number of people made false alarms: 5
Describe the results for the doodling group for the monitored info (recall names)
- mean number of names recalled: 5.1
- False alarms: 0.4
Describe the results for the doodling group for the incidental info (recall places)
- mean number of places recalled: 2.4
- false alarms: 0.3
Describe the results for the control group for the monitored info (recall names)
- mean number of names recalled:4.0
- false alarms:0.3
Describe the results for the control group for the incidental info (recall places)
- mean number of places recalled: 1.8
- false alarms: 0.3
What did the researchers tell the participants
“The tape is rather dull and they are not required to remember anything.”
(DOODLING CONDITION: “The shapes were there for you to shade into if you got bored while listening to the tape.” )
