COGNITIVE APPROACH-Pozzulo et al (LINEUPS) Flashcards

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1
Q

state the psychology being investigated (terms)

A

-Memory and false positives
- Eye witness lineups in children
- cognitive and social factors in eye witness identification

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2
Q

What is the background

A

Pozzulo wanted to investigate whether children are able to give a false positives when the culprit is not present In a lineup for eye witness testimonies.
- this may be due to social factors rather than cognitive ones such as pleasing the authority figure
- the child may not view “no one as a response”
- the child may feel that they would get into trouble for not complying

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3
Q

What were the aims of the study

A
  • To investigate whether children would give more false positives than adults
  • To investigate the role of social and cognitive factors in line-ups on children performance as eyewitnesses
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4
Q

What were the 4 predictions that the aim was testing

A

> > Children will be as good as adults when identifying a target present line-up for cartoon
children will be worse than adults when identifying human faces in a target present lineup
Children will be worse than adults when identifying cartoon faces for a large absent line up
children will be worse than adults when identifying human faces for a target absent line-up

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5
Q

What were the 3 IVs of the study

A

-Age of participants (Child Vs Adult)
-Lineups (Target present or absent)
-Target (Cartoon Vs Human)

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6
Q

describe 4 features of the sample of children

A

-59 in total
-ages were 4-7 years with the mean age 4.98
-there were 21 females and 38 males
-From pre-kindergarten in Eastern Ontario Canada.

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7
Q

Describe 4 features of the adult group

A

-53 in total
-ages ranged 17-30 years
-36 females and 17 males
-Were all from the introductory psychology Participant Pool from Canada

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8
Q

What type of experiment was this

A

-Laboratory experiment

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9
Q

Describe the form they used on the participants and why they used it

A

The demographic and cartoon watching form.
- 8 questions
- questioned their age, ethnicity, how many per household etc
- how long they watch the 2 targeted cartoons
- to test their familiarity with the 2 cartoons

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10
Q

Describe the Human face targets and what they were doing in the videos

A

-a 6 second clip
-each target was shown for 2-3 secs
-filmed in colour
-muted
Male target- was wearing his coat and leaving his house
Female target- was brushing her hair

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11
Q

Describe the Cartoon face target

A

-6 seconds
-each target was shown for 2-3 secs
-filmed in colour
-muted
Dora- She was talking to the audience
Diego - Putting on a pair of gloves for safety

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12
Q

Describe the features of the foils for both cartoon and adult

A
  • was in black and white
  • All 4/3 foils shared similar characteristics to the targets e.g hair length
  • pictures were displayed from the shoulder to up
  • similar clothing
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13
Q

What were the participants told to point to when they believe the target is absent

A

A silhouette box

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14
Q

How was the procedure counterbalanced in Pozzulo

A

In all 4 line up tasks, the position of the target or its matching was counterbalanced

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15
Q

describe the 3 female researchers and describe why that clothing style was chosen

A

-Professional- casual clothing e.g blouse, dress pants
-Not overly formal as it may influence the children’s responses through social pressure as it could suggest authority

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16
Q

Why were filler questions used

A

So to reduce demand characteristics by hiding the main questions, irrelevant questions are used so as to not guess the aim

17
Q

What was the DV of the study

A

was whether the participants could correctly identify if the target was present or not present.

18
Q

Mention any 2 results shown in the study

A

+Any of the 4 predictions
+all participants performed significantly better for cartoon face lineups than they did for human faces

19
Q

How was the DV operationalised or measured for each target condition

A

Target present- Correct identification rate
Target Absent- Correct rejection rate

20
Q

Give 2 conclusions of the study

A

> Pozzuolo concluded that results from the target absent lineup for cartoons were not due to cognitive factors but instead due to social factors due to the previous task having ceiling effects
>The effects of the cognitive vs social demands are relative and not absolute Both target lineups will be affected by both
conditions
>Children are worse at identifying human faces than they are with cartoons and are more likely to get flase positves

21
Q

State the social factors seen in the study

A

-Social instructions / demands
-social pressure
-the tendency to want to please the researcher
-expectation to select

22
Q

State the individual factors seen in the study

A

-Memory , recall
-judgement
-comparing
-decision making
-attentive
-planning
-some children may be more familiar with the cartoons

23
Q

what two measures design did they use and how

A

Repeated- all participants performed in all conditions of the IV (target present or absent)
Independent- This was how the participants were allocated, i.e by age (IV)

24
Q

Suggest how the study was controlled

A
  • same video clips with same photographs
  • same set of questions about the videos
  • each video clip had the same controls such as same duration
  • the counterbalancing used for the target
  • the dressing of the researchers was kept professional casual.
25
Q

What strengths other than reliability was shown

A

-Internal validity ~ Participants were told minimal info about the study showing that the only variable they are testing is age.
-Quantitative data was used

26
Q

What were the limitations of the study

A
  • Ecological validity ~ The situation itself was not legit and may not be generalisable to an actual criminal investigation
  • Validity~ Believing you are in a memory task and TV and cartoon task may have different effects on recall
27
Q

How was the study ethically strong

A

+The videos shown were not crime related hence, reduced any potential psychological harm on children
+Right to withdraw as children were monitored
+Informed consent

28
Q

How can the study apply to everyday life

A

Could improve the reliability of child witnesses
by reducing the social pressure on children to give a response

29
Q

What do the terms correct rejection and false positive mean

A

Correct rejection- The participants were able to correctly identify the absence of the target and not chose a foil
False positive- The participants were aware on the absence or presence of the target yet chose an affirmative yet incorrect target

30
Q

Evaluate the use of children in the study

A

Children are vulnerable to social pressure so:
+seeked parental consent as may be complex
+children were told they would not get into trouble and that they could change their minds
+conducted craft activities with the children
-children may be prone to demand characteristics or may simply please the researcher which could reduce validity
-Children cannot be fully debriefed due to a lack of understanding or complexity of the research

31
Q

Describe the selection process for Human foils

A
  • The foils were selected from a pool of 90 female faces and 90 male faces
  • they were selected based on similar appearances based on hair length, colour and general facial structure.
  • the foils were rated based on how similar they were by 3 researchers. The one with the highest rate would be selected.
32
Q

Describe the selection process for cartoon foils

A
  • were selected from a range of readily available cartoon images on the internet
  • selected based on similarities on hair length, colour and facial structure
33
Q

What were the free call descriptions used for the child participants

A

” what did the cartoon/ person look like?”
“Do you remember anything else?”

*ADDITIONALLY: “Do you remember anything else from the video?”

34
Q

What was the standardised instruction used for the lineups

A

” Please look at the photos. The person/cartoon from the video may or may not be here. If you see the person/cartoon, please point to the photo, if you do not see them please point to this box.

35
Q

How was comfortability encouraged

A
  • prior to the experiment they played crafts with the children
  • children were monitored for fatigue or boredom
  • they were repeatedly told they would not get into trouble
  • the female researchers wore professional casual clothes
36
Q

what were the quantitative results for the target absent lineups for cartoon faces

A

Children- 0.74 rejection rate
Adults- 0.94 rejection rate

37
Q

What were the quantitative results for target present lineups for human faces

A

Children- 0.23 identification rate
Adults- 0.66 identification rate