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Psychology > CLINICAL- Impulse Control Disorders > Flashcards

CLINICAL- Impulse Control Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the diagnostic criteria for ICD

A
  • Impulse control disorders are characterized by the repeated inability to resist the impulse/urge to carry out the behavior
  • The behavior will feel rewarding to the person short term, but long term will lead to negative effects
    All impulse disorders have 5 unique stages:
  • An impulse
  • Growing tension
  • Pleasure after impulse is done
  • Guilt or lack of it
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2
Q

The 3 impulse disorders are:

A
    1. Kleptomania
    1. Pyromania
    1. Gambling disorder
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3
Q

Describe kleptomania

A
  • The powerful impulse to steal
  • These stolen objects are not needed for personal use or monetary value
  • Intrusive thoughts, affective arousal and tension characterize it and the urge to steal affects the person’s ability to concentrate and the person will feel guilt or shame.
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4
Q

Describe Pyromania

A
  • An impulse control disorder characterised by the impulse to start fires
  • There is a strong fascination with fire. Excitement or gratification is usually felt during and immediately after the act
  • For there to be a diagnosis, the individual must have deliberately set fire on more than one occasion. It also cannot be due to any other mental disorder
  • There’s no real motive behind the fire such as monetary, sabotage or revenge
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5
Q

Describe a gambling disorder

A
  • This involves a pattern of persistent gambling behaviour, either online or offline
    It is characterized by:
  • Length of time spent on the activity and how much money is spent
  • Gambling being given priority over other activities
  • Gambling continuing despite negative consequences
    The gambling will result in impairment in important areas of life such as family or work life
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6
Q

Describe the Kleptomania Symptoms Assessment Scale (K-SAS)

A
  • An 11-item self-report questionnaire
  • The respondent will relate these questions to the past seven days
  • Each item is rated on a scale of 0-4 or 0-5
    EXAMPLE QUESTION:
    During the past week, how many times did you experience urges to steal? Please circle the most appropriate number
    1. None — 5. Constant, near-constant
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7
Q

Evaluate the K-SAS

A
  • Standardised procedures make it reliable
  • quantitative data for comparison of severity/ Nomothetic approach collects large amounts of data
  • Good concurrent validity compared to the Global Assessment of Functioning scale
  • Applicable to everyday life
  • Social desirability bias
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8
Q

Describe the biological explanation

A

DOPAMINE EXPLANATION:
- This is known as the ‘happy’ chemical and is released as a trigger by reward stimuli
- The striatum is an area in the brain that is responsible for reward and behavioral control, so a deficiency in dopamine can lead to the continuation of compulsions and addiction
- e.g a kleptomaniac will steal something and their reward centers are stimulated and release dopamine, they will increase in stealing behaviour and this is known as “reward deficiency syndrome”

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9
Q

Evaluate the biological explanation

A
  • Comings and Blum support the explanation using brain scans which are objective, increasing validity and reliability
  • Nature is supported
  • Reductionist
  • Deterministic, no control over chemical pathways
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10
Q

What are the 2 psychological theories for ICD

A
  • Behavioural: Positive reinforcement
  • Cognitive: Miller’s feeling-state theory
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11
Q

Describe the behavioural explanation

A

Positive reinforcement: When a behaviour results from a reward being given and so, the behaviour repeats.
- for example, the enjoyment of winning at gambling acts as a positive reinforcer
- This is explained well by use of schedules of reinforcement
- This means that for gamblers, they ill not receive a reward every time and so they will keep playing in hopes of redeeming the money they have lost and so on.

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12
Q

evaluate the behavioural explanation

A
  • Reductionist as it reduces several factors of rewards which could make them repeat
  • Supports the situational side since it rewards the individual
  • Deterministic as the sufferer has no control of the condition
  • The behavioural model does not fit all types of addictions e.g Russian roulette which is a tactical game
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13
Q

Describe the cognitive explanation

A

Miller (2010) explains that these are intense positive feelings linked with specific behaviours such as gambling or stealing.
- These links form a “state-dependent memory”
- The person with negative thoughts about themselves will experience an intense feeling of euphoria and power when they indulge in their impulsive behavior to overcome
INTENSE DESIRE + INTENSE POSITIVE EXPERIENCE = FEELING-STATE
- The feeling- state refers to all sensations, emotions and thoughts a person will experience after a particular event.
-Miller stated that an underlying negative thought/ experience is most likely to create the feeling-state that leads to ICD

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14
Q

Evaluate the cognitive theory

A
  • Supports both the individual and situational side. situational because the experiences reward the person. Individual because every feeling-state is different
  • Holistic explanation as it considers many other aspects
  • Applicable to everyday life which can be treatment
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15
Q

what is the biological treatment used

A
  • A group of drugs called opiate antagonists
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16
Q

what are the main theories and explanations in Grant et al

A
  • Opiate antagonists are a group of drugs that have been traditionally used to treat substance abuse
  • When an individual engages in gambling behaviour, just like addiction, the reward centers in the brain get activated
  • opiate antagonists work by reducing the response of the reward centers in the brain, reducing the urge to carry out these activities
17
Q

What was the aim & Hypothesis in Grant

A

AIM:
- The research aimed to identify clinical variables associated with treatment outcome in pathological gamblers receiving opiate antagonist
HYPOTHEHSIS:
- A strong family history of alcoholism and gambling would have a positive outcome for those treated with opiate antagonist
- That people with less severe PG would be more likely to respond positively to the placebos than those with more severe PG

18
Q

Describe the features of the sample

A
  • 284 participants
  • equal number of male and female
  • all were from USA
19
Q

How was independent measures design used

A
  • participants were randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions;
  • Placebo OR Nalmefene : doses were 25mg/day, 50mg/day or 100mg/day in one trial
  • Placebo OR Naltrexone : doses were 50mg/day, 100mg/day or 150mg/day
20
Q

How was the double - blind technique used

A
  • neither the participants nor the investigators knew who was taking the placebo and who was taking the active drugs
21
Q

what was the main measure used in Grant

A

The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Pathological Gambling (PG-YBOCS)

22
Q

Describe the PG-YBOCS

A
  • A clinical administered scale used to assess gambling severity
  • it assess the symptoms over the past 7 days
  • they do this assessment by looking at their urges, thoughts and behaviour
23
Q

What other scales were administered in Grant

A
  • A scale assessing participants on psychological functioning, anxiety and depressive disorder
  • a semi structured interview to question their family history particularly first degree relatives with alcoholism
24
Q

state 3 results from Grant

A
  • There was a positive response to the opiate antagonists from participants with a family history of alcoholism
  • there was a positive response to the higher doses of opiate antagonists to resist the strong urges of gambling
  • to contradict the hypothesis, those with less severe PG had a less positive response to the placebo
25
Q

State the conclusion in Grant

A
  • A family history of alcoholism and strong gambling urges seem to predict a positive response to opiate antagonists in treating PG
26
Q

Evaluate Grant et al.

A
  • Used a double blind technique which eliminated participant & researcher bias increasing validity
  • Quantitative data was collected
  • applicable to everyday life through opiates as a treatment
  • Informed consent was taken
  • However there was deception as patients believed they were getting the right drug
27
Q

what are the psychological treatments

A
  • Covert sensitization
  • imaginal desensitization
28
Q

Describe covert sensitization

A
  • This involves conditioning
  • an unpleasant stimulus e.g nausea will be paired with an undesirable behaviour in order to change that behaviour
29
Q

Describe the sample in Glover

A
  • a 56-year-old woman
  • with a 14-year history of daily shoplifting
30
Q

With evidence from Glover, state how impactful covert sensitization is

A
  • At a 19-month check-up, she had decreased desire and avoidance to stealing behaviour.
31
Q

Describe Imaginal desensitization (ID)

A
  • This therapy relies on using images to help people with ICD
32
Q

Describe ID in Blaszezynksi & Nower

A
  • First the therapist will teach progressive relaxation muscle exercises
  • Next, clients will visualize themselves being exposed to a situation that triggers them
  • They will then have to mentally leave the situation through

Psychology (24 decks)

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