Chapter 1-Research methods Flashcards
Open questions VS closed questions
Open- typically allows participants to expand on responses
closed- allows only one option to be chosen and restrict participants from expanding an answer
examples of open questions
-How
-if you could
-Why
-should
-what
examples of closed questions
-when
-is
-yes/no
-true/false
-likert scale
a limit to closed questions
-reduced validity as answers are forced
suggest strengths of using interviews rather than questionnaires
- More in depth detailed responses from participants/ qualitative data
- can delve deeper into the topic at hand with the participant
- can ask follow-up questions
- more personalised exchange of info due to a relationship between interviewer and interviewee
- some people may not return questionnaires
Ethics in humans are
debrief
informed consent
right to withdraw
confidentiality
Protection from physical and psychological harm
privacy
deception
ways to carry out random sampling
-Computer simulating random numbers
-Using a ballot
random number generator
when to use volunteer sampling
-when the researcher is targeting a particular group of the target population
e.g an advert placed at schools to advocate for teen participants
weaknesses of opportunity sampling
-can be biased
-unrepresentative
what is a lab experiment
a type or research study in which the IV is manipulated to test the effect on the DV while maintaining strict controls and procedures to reduce the effect of extraneous variables that might affect the outcome in an artificial setting
Difference between using a Field experiment and Natural
Field manipulates the participants environment and social settings while natural does not and instead observes a natural phenomenon
what is inter rater reliability
This is the measure of consistency in making decisions when 2 observers observe the same behaviour independently and their level of agreement can be calculated using a correlation
examples of confounding variables
-distractions
-noise
-individual differences
-temperature
ways to operationalise the IV
-IQ tests
-Memory tests
-scores
-symptoms
-behaviour reactions
ways to operationalise the DV
-Effeciency
-scores
-self reports
-Rates
-observations
what are observations
A type of research study in which the researcher accurately records info in a systematic way by using several means
ways to carry out an observation
1)Aims
2)Checklist
3)sample & time of sampling
4)data collection
5)analysis presentation
ways of collecting data in an observation
-camera
videos
note taking
define case studies
An in depth investigation of a single person, unit or phenomenon
Give 3 characteristics of case studies
-qualitative
-it is historical
-uncontrolled
-unique source of info
evaluate case studies
+source of research ideas
+developed therapeutic techniques
+can study rare and unique behaviours in depth
+high ecological validity
-cannot be generalised
-researcher bias
a strength to repeated measures design
-Individual differences may not play a significant role to the outcome as the DV affects both levels of the IV in the same way.
examples of participant variables
-Age
-gender
-personality
-intelligence
evaluate questionnaires
+convenient to collect data
+Generalisable
+High volume of responses
+ replicable
+ Easy to score
-socially desirable responses
Evaluate correlations
+provides useful information on the relationship of variables
+ can investigate inter Rater Reliability
+Helps with future research
-No casualty can be assumed
Evaluate observations
- natural: + behaviour is natural and most often at times is unaware
- structured: +quantitative data can be obtained through response categories
- non-participant: + ethical, casual relationship can be established
-cannot give reason as to why they are bheavioung that way
-with unstructured observation, they may record behaviours that they desire to record or mis-record instances of a behaviour.
-unethical
-difficult to replicate (natural observations)
what is a “Hypothesis”
It refers to a testable statement of the prediction of the study’s results
what is researcher bias
the unconscious tendency of the researcher to act in ways that alter the results often at times fitting the aim
what are order effects and the types
Practice and fatigue effects are the consequences of exposing the participants to all levels of the IV all at once. These leads to changes in performance between conditions that are not due to the IV
Define the ethical concerns of:
Replacement and Number
Number- the smaller number of animals can be used to meet the goals of research
Replacement- Whenever possible, alternatives to using animals should be considered such as computer simulations
Describe the ethical concerns of:
-Housing and Rewards and depriv
Housing-should have their cage well kept, spacious, no aversive stimuli, warmth and cleaned. should not be crowded
Rewards-maintain normal feeding patterns and any sort of
ways to carry out an experiment
- IV
- DV
- Design
- controls
- location (field experiment)
ways to carry out a questionnaire
- question format
- examples of questions
- scoring
- on paper/online
ways to carry out an interview
- question format
- examples of questions
- scoring
- face to face/telephone\
- format structured semi structured or unstructured
ways to carry out a case study
- details about sample
- content of information (examples)
- 2 or more techniques i.e interview and observation
- analysis
ways to carry out observations
- cover/overt
- participant/ non
- naturalistic/ controlled
- structured / unstructured
ways to carry out a correlation
- 2 co-variables
- measure variable 1
- measure variable 2
- nature of correlation (positive/negative)
ways to carry out a longitudinal study
- describe task IN DETAIL
- Scoring
- re-contact
- controls
