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Pharmacology (2014-2018) > Introduction to Toxicology > Flashcards

Introduction to Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Risk is a product of the following except:

A. Safety
B. Toxicity
C. Exposure

A

A

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2
Q

Potential stages in the development of toxicity include the following except:

A. Delivery
B. Interaction with the target molecule
C. Cellular dysfunction and injury
D. Dysrepair

A

*

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3
Q

The destruction of cell maintenances involves:

A. Destruction of ATP synthesis
B. Dysregulation of gene expression
C. Direct Injury
D. Dysregulation of ongoing cellular activity

A

A

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4
Q

Oxidative stress is an example of which mechanism of toxic action:

A. Impairment of internal maintenance
B. Impairment of external maintenance
C. Toxication
D. Alteration of regulatory or maintenance function of the cell

A

A

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5
Q

Actions of endocrine-disrupting substances are classified as:

A. Impaired internal maintenance
B. Impaired external maintenance
C. Dysregulation of gene expression
D. Dysregulation of ongoing cellular activity

A

C

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6
Q

The stage of disrepair includes the following except:

A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Fibrosis
D. Cancer

A

A

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7
Q

The kind of exposure that is the most effective for the toxicant to enter the body is:

A. Intramuscular
B. Subcutaneous
C. Inhalational
D. Ingestional

A

C

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8
Q

In enterohepatic recirculation, the drug is converted back into this form:

A. Hydrophilic
B. Lipophilic
C. Hydrophobic
D. Lipophobic

A

B

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9
Q

The study of toxicokinetics can be used to predict the following:

A. plasma drug concentration
B. Amount of drug absorbed
C. Predicted time for substance to reach the different compartments
D. All of the above

A

D

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10
Q

Pharmacokinetic interactions involve the reactions of drugs that result in the alteration of the ability of the metabolizing
enzyme systems. T/F

A

T

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11
Q

The Nature of toxic action of hazardous substances include:

A. The mechanism of toxic action in acute exposure is the same from those in chronic exposure.
B. Toxic action of a drug is an exaggeration of its therapeutic action.
C. A chemical may be converted to a toxic metabolite which is more toxic than the parent compound.
D. All of the above

A

C

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12
Q

The following statement(s) is/are true of the distribution factors affecting the toxicity of substances.

A. Protein-bound drug produces toxic effects.
B. The organ in which a drug is most concentrated is always the site where most tissue damage occurs.
C. A chemical may be converted to a metabolite more toxic than the parent drug.
D. A chemical may pass through the blood-brain barrier or placenta.

A

D

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13
Q

Enzyme that inhibits/stimulates is an example of this mechanism of action:

A. Impairment of intracellular maintenance
B. Impairment of extracellular maintenance
C. Dysregulation of gene expression
D. Dysregulation of ongoing cellular management

A

D

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14
Q

Spectrum of toxic effects include:

A. Delayed reaction after initial exposure
B. Idiosyncratic reactions, immunologically modulated
C. Allergies, genetically-determined
D. AOTA

A

D

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15
Q

The ultimate goals of toxicology assessments in animals include the following:

A. To characterize the toxicity of drug in animal models and identification of potential problems in the short and long term studies in man

B. To evaluate the extent to which animal data warrant extrapolation to man

C. To recommend safe levels of exposure or dosage to man

D. To contribute to the decision to test the new drug candidate in humans

E. AOTA

A

E

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16
Q

The following statements are true of the concept of toxicology, except

A. It is the study that involves adverse effects of drugs in their therapeutic dose
B. The toxicity of chemicals are inherent in nature
C. The risk to development of poisoning varies with the degree of exposure
D. Safety is the probability that harm will not occur under specified conditions

A

A

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17
Q

The following statements is/are true of the nature of toxic action of chemicals:

A. The toxic action of a chemical is always an exaggeration of its therapeutic action
B. The mechanisms of action in acute exposure are the same as those in chronic exposure
C. A toxicant may exert several mechanisms of toxic action
D. A and B only
E. All of the above

A

C

18
Q

The following are potential stages in development of toxicity except:

a. Delivery
b. Cell dysfunction/injury
c. Interaction with target molecule
d. A and B only
e. AOTA

A

D

19
Q

The factors that affects response to toxic agents

a. Duration of exposure
b. Chemical properties of substance
c. Health status of individuals
d. A and B only
e. AOTA

A

E

20
Q

Example(s) of toxic actions affecting cellular dysregulation include(s) the ff:

a. Inhibit ATP synthesis
b. Inhibit gene expression
c. Inhibit membrane function
d. A and B only
e. AOTA

A

B

21
Q

On the last stage of potential toxicity the ff. processes are involved:

a. Fibrosis
b. Necrosis
c. Apoptosis
d. A and B only
e. AOTA

A

D

22
Q

True about the nature of toxic action

a. The toxic action of a drug is not necessarily an exaggeration of its therapeutic effect
b. The intensity of a toxic effect depends on its
concentration at the target organ
c. The toxic action of a drug may be brought about by its metabolites
d. A and B only
e. AOTA

A

E

23
Q

True regarding toxic effects produced by chemicals:

a. Chemical allergy is a genetically induced adverse reaction
b. Delayed reaction is an extension of the immediate effects
c. Substances can have both local and systemic effects
d. A and B only
e. AOTA

A

D

24
Q

Risk is a product of the ff:

a. Toxicity
b. Exposure
c. Safety
d. A and B only
e. AOTA

A

D

25
Q

True of toxic action of hazardous substances

A. Toxic action of acute exposure is same with that of chronic exposure

B. Toxic action is not always the exaggeration of its therapeutic effects

C. Toxicity is mainly brought about by parent compound

D. Intensity of toxic action depends on the amount of chemical/drug

A

B

26
Q

Potential stages in the development of toxicity include the following EXCEPT

A. Delivery

B. Interaction with target molecule

C. Cellular dysfunction/injury

D. Dysrepair

A

B

27
Q

The following statement/s is/are true of metabolism factors that affect toxicity of hazardous

substances

A. Hazardous substances can pass through specialized barriers such as the blood brain barrier

B. The organ in which a chemical is most highly concentrated is not always the organ where most

tissue damage occurs

C. A chemical may be converted to a toxic metabolite which is more toxic than the parent

compound

D. Some chemicals/drugs undergo enterohepatic cicrulation

A

C

28
Q

Kinetic process/es that the body adapts to protect itself from effects of hazardous chemicals

is/are

A. Conversion to toxic metabolites

B. Excretion of lipophilic compounds

C. Distribution to highly perfused tissues

D. First pass effect

A

D

29
Q

The statement that is TRUE with regards duration of exposure is

A. Acute exposure refers to repeated daily exposure to the toxicant for 14 days

B. Subacute exposure refers to repeated daily exposure to the toxicant for 30 days

C. Acute exposure refers to single exposure to the toxicant for less than 24 hours
D. Subchronic exposure refers to repeated daily exposure to the toxicant for throughout the

animal’s lifetime

A

C

30
Q

Best describes ion trapping mechanism

A. In alkaline urine pH, a weakly acidic drug will be ionized, trapped in kidney tubules, and

excreted

B. In alkaline urine pH, a weakly acidic drug will be nonionized and reabsorbed in the kidney

tubules

C. In acidic urine pH, a weakly acidic drug will be ionized, trapped in kidney tubules, and excreted

D. In acidic urine pH, a weakly alkaline drug will be nonionized, and reabsorbed in the kidney

tubules

A

A

31
Q

Toxicant-neurotransmitter interaction is an example of this mechanism of toxic action

A. Dysregulation of gene expression

B. Dysregulation of on-going cellular activity

C. Oxidative stress

D. Dysrepair

A

B

32
Q

Impairment of ATP synthesis is an example of this mechanism of toxic action

A. Dysregulation of on-going cellular activity

B. Disruption of toxicant delivery

C. Impaired internal maintenance

D. Impaired external maintenance

A

B

33
Q

Repair mechanism/s that the body undertake/s after cellular injury is/are

A. Necrosis

B. Apoptosis

C. Fibrosis

D. AOTA

A

B

34
Q

Spectra of toxic effects of hazardous substances include/s the following

A. Chemical idiosyncracy refers to genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a hazardous

substance

B. Chemical allergy refers to immunologically mediated adverse reaction to a chemical or to a

structurally similar one

C. Chronic effects

D. AOTA

A

D

35
Q

What is true of the nature of the toxic actions of chemicals?
A. Toxic action is always an exaggeration of the therapeutic action
B. The MOA in acute reactions is the same as those in chronic reactions
C. A chemical may exert its effects thru several mechanisms
D. AOTA

A

C

36
Q

Which is true regarding nature of toxic

action of a drug

   A. Toxic effect is an exaggeration of

therapeutic action

   B. Effect of acute exposure is same as

chronic

   C. Toxicant can exert several

mechanisms for toxic effect

   D. Sites with highest concentration of

substance manifest symptoms

A

C

37
Q

2nd stage of development of toxicity:

     A. Delivery

     B. Cell injury

     C. interaction with target

     D. Dysrepair
A

C

38
Q

The factors that affect/s toxicity:

    A. Duration of exposure

    B. Chemical properties of toxicant

    C. Individual factors

    D. AOTA
A

D

39
Q

Example of toxic action affecting cellular

dysregulation is:
A. Impairment of ATP synthesis

   B. Impairment of gene expression

   C. Impairment of membrane function

   D. Impairment of specialized organ

function

A

*

40
Q

Action in cellular maintenance:

    A. Oxidative stress

    B. Enzyme inhibition

    C. Stimulation of toxicant-

neurotransmitter interaction

    D. Improvement of gene expression
A

*

41
Q

Factors affecting kinetic processes are

the following:

    A. ↑ Toxic = ↓ Absorption rate

    B. Toxic agents are distributed in areas

of ↓ perfusion

    C. Toxic agents can’t penetrate due to

BBB

    D. AOTA
A

*

42
Q

Protective mechanism involving

distribution that the body utilizes to prevent

toxic effects:

    A. First pass effect

    B. Binding to plasma protein

    C. Detoxification

    D. AOTA
A

D

Pharmacology (2014-2018) (23 decks)

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