Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology (2014-2018) > Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of substances that interact with living systems thorough chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules an activating inhibiting normal body processes

A

Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease

A

Medical pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems

A

Toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The relation of the individual’s genetic makeup to his or her response to specific drugs

A

Pharmacogenomics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

All substances can, under certain circumstances, be toxic. T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects

A

Poisons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Poisons of biologic origin, i.e., synthesized by plants or animals

A

Toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A substance that brings about a CHANGE in BIOLOGIC FUNCTION through its CHEMICAL ACTIONS

A

Drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Many organic drugs are strong acids and bases. T/F

A

F

They are weak acids or bases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The type of bond between drug and drug-receptor that is very strong and not reversible under many biologic conditions

A

Covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which is weaker: covalent bonds or electrostatic bonds?

A

Electrostatic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three major types of bonds that exist between drug and drug-receptor?

A

Covalent bond, electrostatic bond, hydrophobic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Drugs that bind through weak bonds to their receptors are generally less selective than drugs that bind by means of very strong bonds. T/F

A

F

Weak bonds are more selective than strong bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The study of the actions of the drug on the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The study of the actions of the body on the drug: absorption, distribution and elimination of drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is constitutive activity?

A

The effect of thermodynamic considerations wherein even in the absence of the any agonist, some of the receptors are in the active form and may produce the same physiologic effect as agonist-induced activity

17
Q

Agonists drugs that when administered at concentrations sufficient to saturate the receptor pool can activate their receptor-effector systems to the maximum extent of which the system is capable

A

Full agonists

18
Q

Agonist drugs that even when administered at concentrations sufficient to saturate receptor pool do not evoke the maximum effect of the system

A

Partial agonists

19
Q

Partial agonists do nost stabilize the active configuration of the receptor as fully as full agonists so that the significant fraction of receptors are inactive. What is this property called?

A

Low intrinsic efficacy

20
Q

Fixing the fractions of drug-bound inactive and active receptors in the same relative amounts as in the absence of any drug so that no change will be observed in the administration of the drug and its antagonist

A

Neutral antagonism

21
Q

Agonists that have stronger affinity for the inactive receptor state than the active one, thus resulting in effects that are the opposite of the effects produced by conventional agonists

A

Inverse agonist

22
Q

Which does not fall under the scope of pharmacology?

A. use of chemicals in prevention, diagnosis, and cure, especially for humans
B. The undesirable effect of chemicals on living systems
C. Use of genetic information for therapeutics
D. Study of living systems and their physiology

A

D

A defines drugs, B pertains to toxicology, C is pharmacogenetics

23
Q

Which of the following contributed to modern day pharmacology?

A. Development of experimental physiology and pharmacology
B. Discovery of the biologic substrate of drug action
C. Introduction of controlled clinical trials
D. AOTA

A

D

24
Q

Clinical Pharmacology training includes learning the following EXCEPT

A. Prescribing effectively
B. Application of therapeutic agents
C. Preparing medicinal drugs
D. Beneficial effects of drugs in individuals and society

A

C

Clinical pharmacology is the scientific discipline that involves all aspects of the relationship between drugs and human (intro trans). A, B and C involves ensuring benefit of the people when taking drugs.

25
Q

Which of the following issues in drug therapy is a major challenge to public health?

A. Making sure that drugs are available
B. Use of evidence-based medicine
C. Adverse drug reactions

A

C

26
Q

True about drug-receptor interactions

A. With the ligand, the receptor is always active
B. Without the ligand, the receptor is always inactive
C. The receptor only produces its effect when activated by the agonist
D. Constitutive action is by unbound receptor in active conformation

A

C

27
Q

Based on 1966 WHO definition of a drug, which is not a drug?

    A. BCG vaccination given to prevent TB
    B. Penicillin given to eradicate streptococcal infection in a patient with rheumatic fever
    C. Synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormones given to detect the presence of Addison’s disease
    D. Methamphetamine inhalation to achieve euphoria but frequently leads to something, heart disease, psychosis & something else
A

D

28
Q

Apothecaries in the history of pharmacology refers to:
A. Collection of folkloric tales about herbal remedies
B. Pharmacies or drugstores where medicines are sold
C. Laboratories where natural products are purified and active drugs are isolated
D. Clinics where doctors prescribe herbal medicine

A

B

29
Q

The following falls under the realm of medical pharmacology?

A. Use of vaccine for prevention of a disease
B. Use of drug for diagnosis of disease
C. Use of antibiotics for treatment of infections
D. AOTA

A

D

30
Q

Which best describes a drug?

A. with absolute specificity
B. Brings changes in biological function through chemical action
C. Needs to bind to receptor
D. Create new function

A

B

Brings changes in biological function through chemical action

From 2014 Trans: A drug is chemical taken that is intended to modulate the current physiological status quo. A is false because no drug is completely specific in their actions. C is false because some drugs target enzymes, which regulate the rate of chemical reactions. D is false because they do not create new function but merely modify existing actions.

31
Q

Study of the the drug effects on population.

A. Biopharmaceutics
B. Pharmacogenetics
C. Pharmacogenomics
D. Pharmacoepidemiology

A

D

Biopharmaceutics deals with the development of new drug delivery systems and new dosage forms.
Pharmacogenetics is a relatively new field. It deals with genetically mediated variations in drug responses.
Pharmacogenomics- the use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy on an individual basis
—Pharmacoepidemiology- study of drug effects at the population level. Helps in regulation of drugs.

32
Q

Agonist binding has both affinity and efficacy, antagonist binding also has both affinity and efficacy.

A. True
B. False

A

B

Antagonists only exhibit affinity. They do not mimic the effects of endogenous regulatory compounds. By definition, antagonists have no efficacy. Efficacy is a function of receptor activation, and antagonist binding does not change receptor activation in any way

Additional Info:
Efficacy (often called maximal efficacy) is the greatest effect (Emax) an agonist can produce if the dose is taken to very high levels. Efficacy is determined mainly by the nature of the drug and the receptor and its associated effector system. It can be measured with a graded dose-response curve (Figure 2–1) but not with a quantal dose-response curve. By definition, partial agonists have lower maximal efficacy than full agonists.

33
Q

Which does not describe a drug?

A. It is a chemical with known structure.
B. It usually binds to regulatory molecules.
C. It is specific with its actions.
D. It activates or inhibits normal body processes.

A

C

No drug is completely specific in their actions .Increasing dose can lead to side-effect. (Lecture 1: Introduction to Pharmacology, page 2)

34
Q

Which is true of the history of pharmacology?

A. In the 7th century, herbal medicine emerged.
B. Advancements in the knowledge of physiology and chemistry led to better evidence for therapeutic claims.
C. In recent years, biotechnology has emerged as a major basis of pharmacology.
D. Biopharmaceutics is the use of genetic information in the manufacture of drugs.

A

C

The progress in physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology provides a more targeted approach to drug designs. In today’s pharmacology, biotechnology has become a major basis of pharmacology. (Lecture 1: Introduction to Pharmacology, page 1)

35
Q

Which of the following is correct?

A. Pharmacokinetics is what the drug does to the body.
B. Pharmacodynamics is what the body does to the drug.
C. Selectivity is reciprocal.
D. There are drugs that are completely specific to a particular receptor.

A

C

Pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drug. Pharmacodynamics is what the drug does to the body. Selectivity is reciprocal in which the individual classes of drug bind only to certain targets and individual targets recognize only certain classes of drugs.(Lecture 1: Introduction to Pharmacology)

36
Q

The WHO defines essential medicines as:

A. All drugs produced by local manufacturers.
B. Drugs that answer the priority health care needs of the community.
C. Drugs intended to be used to modify or to explore physiological system or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.
D. All the expensive drugs.

A

C

37
Q

Which is TRUE of Drug Action?

A. All drug molecules exert a chemical influence on cells initially through receptors.
B. Specificity of drug receptor interaction is reciprocal.
C. Occupation of receptor always transforms the receptor t to an active conformational state.
D. Drug is effective if it affects the most number of tissues and cells as possible.

A

B

Some drug molecules exert a chemical influence on cells initially through a receptor. Receptors are modelled as having an active and inactive conformational states. Selectivity is reciprocal in which the individual classes of drug bind only to certain targets and individual targets recognize only certain classes of drugs.(Lecture 1: Introduction to Pharmacology, page 2.

38
Q

Covalent bonds are usually irreversible.

A. True
B. False

A

A

These bonds are strong. However, not all covalent blood is irreversible.

39
Q

Agonist binding has both affinity and efficacy, antagonist binding also has both affinity and efficacy.
A. True
B. False

A

B

Antagonists only exhibit affinity. They do not mimic the effects of endogenous regulatory compounds.

Pharmacology (2014-2018) (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions