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Neurology > Introduction to neurones, nerve conduction and synaptic transmission > Flashcards

Introduction to neurones, nerve conduction and synaptic transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of a dendrite?

A

To receive inputs from other neurones and convey graded electrical signals passively to the soma

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the soma?

A

It is the synthetic and metabolic centre
Contains the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria and ER
It integrates incoming electrical signals that are conducted passively to the axon hillock

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3
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Site of initiation of the “all or nothing” action potential

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4
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Conducts output signals as action potentials to the presynaptic terminal
Mediates transport of materials between the soma and presynaptic terminal and vice versa by slow and fast axonal transport

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5
Q

What is the function of the synapse?

A

Point of chemical communication between neurones

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6
Q

What viruses will exploit retrograde transport to infect neurones?

A

Herpes
Polio
Rabies

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7
Q

What are the different types of neurones?

A

Unipolar
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

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8
Q

Where can unipolar neurones be found?

A

Peripheral autonomic system

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9
Q

Where can pseudounipolar neurones be found?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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10
Q

Where can bipolar neurones be found?

A

Retina

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11
Q

Where can multipolar neurones be found?

A

Lower motor system

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12
Q

What is the resting potential for a neurone?

A

-70 mV

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13
Q

What is the threshold for a neurone?

A

-60 mV

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14
Q

What channels allow for the upstroke and downstroke of the action potential in neurones?

A 
Upstroke = Na+ 
Downstroke = K+
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15
Q

Why do passive signals in neurones not spread far from their site of origin?

A

Current loss across the membrane accompanied by a reduced change in potential

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16
Q

What are strategies utilised to increase passive current speed and therefore action potential velocity?

A

Decreased axial resistance of the axoplasm via increased axon diameter
Increased membrane resistance - addition of myelin provided by schwann cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS

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17
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Action potential jumping from one node of ranvier to the next

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18
Q

What are examples of demyelinating disorders?

A

MS (CNS)

Guillan-Barre (PNS)

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19
Q

What separates the pre and post synaptic membranes?

A

Synaptic cleft

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20
Q

What holds the pre and post synaptic membranes together?

A

A matrix of fibrous extracellular protein within the cleft

21
Q

Where are the neurotransmitters stored in the neurone?

A

Vesicles within the presynaptic terminal

22
Q

What are the different types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic

23
Q

What is the most common type of synapse?

A

Axodendritic

24
Q

What is the most common neurotransmitter of excitatory synapses in the CNS?

A

Glutamate

25
Q

What will glutamate activate?

A

Post synaptic, cation selective, inotropic glutamate receptors resulting in a depolarisation; excitatory postsynaptic potential

26
Q

What are the major amino acid neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

Glutamate
GABA
Glycine

27
Q

What is the most common neurotransmitter of inhibitory synapses in the CNS?

A

GABA or glycine

28
Q

What will GABA/glycine activate?

A

Postsynaptic, anion selective, inotropic, GABA or glycine receptors generating a local, graded hyperpolarizaing post synaptic potential

29
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Many inputs converge upon a neurone to determine its output

30
Q

What is a temporal summation?

A

A single input may modulate output by variation in action potential frequency of that in put

31
Q

What are the major amine neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine
Histamine
Noradrenaline
Serotonin

32
Q

What are the major peptic neurotransmitters?

A 
Cholecystokinin
Dynorphin
Enkephalins
Neuropeptide Y
Somatostatin
Substance P 
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
33
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles?

A

Acetylcholine
Amino acids
Amines

34
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released from secretory vesicles?

A

Peptides

35
Q

Which neurotransmitters mediate fast neurotransmission via inotropic ligand gated ion channels?

A 
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
36
Q

Which neurotransmitters mediate slow neurotransmission via metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors?

A

All except glycine

37
Q

What are the modes of neurotransmission?

A

Direct

Indirect

38
Q

How does direct neurotransmission work?

A

Ionotropic receptors
The receptor is an integral component of the molecule that forms the channel is controls
Gating of channel is rapid

39
Q

How does indirect neurotransmission work?

A

Mediated by activation of metabotropic receptors
Receptor and the channel it controls are distinct
Gating of channel is slower

40
Q

Which channels does fast EPSP utilise?

A

Activation of nicotinic ACh receptors

Conduction of Na+ and K+

41
Q

Which channels does slow EPSP utilise?

A

Activation of muscarinic G coupled ACh receptors

Close of M-type K+ channels

42
Q

Which is the major excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

43
Q

What channels will glutamate bind to?

A

Non-NMDA receptors to bind the agonist kainate or AMPA controlling Na+ and K+
NMDA receptors controlling channels permeable to Na+ , Ca 2+, K+

44
Q

Which mode of transmission will non-NMDA ionotropic receptors (AMPA and kainate) mediate?

A

Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS

45
Q

Which mode of transmission will NMDA mediate?

A

Slow component to excitatory synaptic potential

46
Q

Which ion will NMDA receptors have a high permeability to?

A

Ca 2+

47
Q

Which drugs act on NMDA receptors?

A

Ketamine

Psychotomimetic agents such as phencyclidine

48
Q

Which pathway relies on ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors?

A

Retinal

Neurology (48 decks)

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