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Neurology > Auditory and vestibular system physiology > Flashcards

Auditory and vestibular system physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the organ of hearing?

A

Hair cell

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2
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the auditory system?

A

Glutamate

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3
Q

Which ion is involved in hair cells?

A

Potassium

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4
Q

Which nerve endings will glutamate act on at the hair cell?

A

Efferent nerve endings

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5
Q

Will sound be amplified or reduced in the middle ear?

A

Amplified to allow it to travel in the fluid of the inner ear

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6
Q

What separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media?

A

Reissner’s membrane

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7
Q

What separates the scala media from the scala tympani?

A

Basilar membrane

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8
Q

Describe transduction in the corti hair cells?

A

Basilar membrane to tectorial membrane

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9
Q

What connects the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani?

A

Helicotrema

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10
Q

What windows does the sv and st connect with respectively?

A 
SV = oval window
ST = round window
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11
Q

Where can perilymph be found?

A

Scala vestibuli

Scala tympani

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12
Q

Where can endolymph be found?

A

Scala media

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13
Q

Describe the rigidity of the basilar membrane from the base to the apex?

A

Rigid at base

Floppy at apex

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14
Q

Where will high and low pitched sound be heard within the cochlea?

A 
High = base
Low = apex
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15
Q

Where will the rods of corti synapse?

A

Bipolar neurones with the cell body in the spiral ganglion

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16
Q

Will potassium move inwards or outwards in the organ or corti?

A

Inwards

17
Q

Describe the components of perilymph and endolymph

A

Perilymph: high sodium, low potassium, glucose of 4
Endolymph: low sodium, high potassium, glucose of 0.5

18
Q

Mutations in what can result in deafness?

A

Recycling of K+ in the endolymph

19
Q

What will inner hair cells communicate with?

A

Main source of afferent signal

20
Q

What is the input to outer hair cells?

A

Efferent inputs from the superior olivary complex

21
Q

What is the function of outer hair cells?

A

Stiffness

Amplify membrane vibration

22
Q

What protein is present on outer hair cells?

A

Prestin which can change the length of the cell

23
Q

How does furosemide act in the middle ear?

A

Inactivates prestin damaging auditory system

24
Q

What will outer hair cells respond to sound with?

A

Receptor potential

Change in length - movement of tectorial membrane

25
Q

What does tonotopy ensure?

A

Each neurone innervates several different areas and different neurone types

26
Q

What is tonotopy?

A

Spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequencies are processed within the brain

27
Q

What is the function of the medial superior olive?

A

Computes sound arrival at the 2 ears to generate an interaural time difference using a delay line

28
Q

What is the function of the vestibular system?

A

Gaze and postural stability
Sense of orientation
Detection of linear and angular acceleration

29
Q

What part of the vestibular system determines head angular acceleration?

A

Semicircular canals

30
Q

What part of the vestibular system determines head linear acceleration?

A 
Saccule = vertical 
Utricle = horizontal
31
Q

Where can hair cells be found in the semicircular canals?

A

Crista at the ampulla

They will project into the cupula

32
Q

In semicircular canals are the kinocilium orientated in the same or different direction?

A

SAME so all excited or inhibited together

33
Q

Are the semicircular canals filled with endolymph or perilymph?

A

Endolymph

34
Q

Where can otorocnia be found?

A

Otolithic membrane

35
Q

What is the striola in the macula?

A

Structural landmark
Arranged otoconia into narrow trenches dividing otolith
This allows otolith organs to have multidirectional sensitivity

36
Q

What are the 3 main vestibular reflexes?

A

VOR - eyes still in space as head moves
Vestibulo-colic reflex - keeps head still in space when you walk
Vestibular-spinal reflex - adjusts posture for rapid changes in position

Neurology (48 decks)

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