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Neurology > Clinically relevant anatomy of the back, spine and spinal cord > Flashcards

Clinically relevant anatomy of the back, spine and spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first palpable spinous process?

A

C7

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2
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Move upper limb

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3
Q

What are the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Levator scapulae
Rhomboids
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi

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4
Q

What are the 2 groups of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Erector spinae

Transversospinalis

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5
Q

What are the 3 muscles groups under erector spinae?

A

Inferiorly - common tendon attaches to sacrum and iliac crest
Superiorly - rib, transverse process and spinous process

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6
Q

Where can the transversospinalis muscle be found?

A

Located within the grooves between the transverse and spinous process

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7
Q

What is the main function of the transversospinalis?

A

Stability
Rotation of vertebrae
Elevation of ribs

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8
Q

Muscles of posterior abdominal wall

A

Psoas major

Quadratus lumborum

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9
Q

Which muscles control extension and lateral flexion of the spine?

A

Erector spinae

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10
Q

What occurs if the erector spinae contracts bilaterally?

A

Extension of spine

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11
Q

What occurs if the erector spinae contracts unilaterally?

A

Lateral flexion

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12
Q

Which muscles control flexion of the spine?

A

Psoas major and rectus abdominus

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13
Q

Describe the curvatures of the vertebral column

A

Cervical lordosis
Thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
Sacram kyphosis

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14
Q

Where are spinal nerves found?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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15
Q

Where can facet joints be found in the spine?

A

Between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

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16
Q

What ligaments are present in the spine?

A

Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament

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17
Q

What movements will the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?

A

Overextension

18
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the fact that the posterior longitudinal ligament is weaker than the anterior?

A

IV discs will herniate posterioly

19
Q

What movement will the posterior longitudinal ligament help to prevent?

A

Overflexion of the spine

20
Q

Where can the supraspinous ligament be found?

A

Tips of spinous processes

21
Q

Where can the interspinous ligaments be found?

A

Connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

22
Q

Which vertebrae is the atlas?

A

C1

23
Q

Which vertebrae has an odontoid process?

A

C2 - axis

24
Q

What are common typical features of cervical vertebrae?

A

Transverse foramen
Bifid spinous process
Triangular shaped vertebral foramen

25
Q

Does C1 have a vertebral body?

A

NO - posterior and anterior arch

26
Q

What runs in the transverse foramen?

A

Vertebral arteries

27
Q

Where are the atlanto-occipital joints?

A

Between the occipital condyles and the superior articular facets of the atlas

28
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Synovial

29
Q

Which movements does the atlanto-occipital joint facilitate?

A

Flexion and extension of neck

Lateral flexion and rotation of neck

30
Q

What are the articulations of the atlanto-axial joints?

A

2 between inferior articular facets of the atlas and the superior articular facets of the axis
1 between the anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis

31
Q

What is the main movement of the atlantoaxial joint?

A

Rotation

32
Q

Where does the cauda equina with it meninges run in the sacrum?

A

Within the sacral canal

33
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

At the foramen magnum, continuous with the medulla oblongata

34
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Around L1/2

35
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris which becomes cauda equina

36
Q

Where is a common space for an LP and an episural?

A

L3/4

37
Q

Where does the meninges end on the spinal cord?

A

S2

38
Q

Should you perform an LP in raised ICP?

A

NO

39
Q

What structures will the needle pass through to give an epidural anaesthesia?

A

Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavus
Epidural space

40
Q

What structures will the needle pass through to perform an LP?

A 
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament 
Ligamentum flavus 
Epidural space 
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater 
Subarachnoid space
41
Q

What is a laminectomy?

A

Used to assess spinal canal, posterior exposure of spinal cord

42
Q

When is a laminectomy utilised?

A

Relive pressure on spinal cord or nerve roots in case of a tumour, herniated disc or bone hypertrophy

Neurology (48 decks)

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