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Neurology > Basal ganglia and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex found?

A

The precentral gyrus in the frontal cortex

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2
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculus

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3
Q

What fissures are present in the cerebellum?

A

Primary fissure

Horizontal fissure

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4
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Infolding or dura which does between the great longitudinal fissure

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5
Q

Where does the cerebellum sit in context with the dura?

A

Posterior cranial fossa under the tentorium cerbelli

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6
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

Via 3 peduncles of white matter:

Superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle

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7
Q

What is the vermis?

A

The central zone of the cerebellum

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8
Q

How many deep nuclei are present in the cerebellum and what is the function?

A

4: only part of the cerebellum that communicates with the brainstem and thalamus

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers to the cerebellum histologically?

A

Granule (inner)
Purkinje (middle)
Molecular (outer)

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10
Q

What are the afferent projections to the cerebellum?

A

Spinal cord, from somatic proprioceptors and pressure receptors
Cerebral cortex relayed via the pons
Vestibular apparatus via vestibular nuclei

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11
Q

What are the efference projections of the cerebellum?

A

All 3 lobes, the only output is via the axons of the purkinje cells which will synapse on neurones of the deep cerebellar nuclei to coordinate all motor tracts

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12
Q

What 3 motor tracts will the cerebellum coordinate?

A

Corticospinal
Vestibulospinal
Rubrospinal

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13
Q

Where will the neurones go once they have reaches the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Decussate to synapse in the thalamus

Thalamus will then sent fibres to the motor cortex

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14
Q

What results in bilateral cerebellar dysfunction?

A

Slowed, slurred speech (dysarhria)

Cerebellar ataxia

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15
Q

Which side of the body do cerebellar hemispheres influence?

A

The ipsilateral side

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16
Q

What will occur in a midline lesion of the cerebellum - spinocerebellum?

A

Disturbance of postural control

17
Q

What occurs with a lesion in the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Vestibular disturbances

18
Q

What is the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Facilitate purposeful movement
Inhibit unwanted movement
Role in posture and muscle tone

19
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
20
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

21
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

22
Q

What makes up the lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

23
Q

Where can the caudate nucleus be found?

A

Directly inferior to the lateral ventricles

24
Q

What does the substantia nigra make?

A

Dopamine

25
Q

What is the end result of the direct pathway in the basal ganglia?

A

Enhances outflow of the thalamus, enhancing desired movement

26
Q

What is the end result of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?

A

Inhibits outflow of the thalamus

Indirectly goes to the subthalamic nucleus

27
Q

On what side of the body will unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect?

A

Contralateral side of the body

28
Q

What will lesions of the basal ganglia cause?

A 
Changes in muscle tone
Dyskinesias: 
Tremor
Chorea
Myoclonus
29
Q

What is the pathology of parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra

30
Q

What are the signs of parkinson’s disease?

A

Akinesia
Rigidity
Resting tremor

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of huntington’s disease?

A

Autosomal dominant progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

32
Q

What are the signs of huntington’s disease?

A

Chorea

Progressive dementia

Neurology (48 decks)

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