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phase 2a > introduction to immunology > Flashcards

introduction to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of immunity?

A

innate immunity
adaptive immunity

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2
Q

describe innate immunity

A

non-specific, instinctive, does not depend on lymphocytes

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3
Q

describe adaptive immunity

A

specific ‘acquired’ immunity, requires lymphocytes, antibodies

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4
Q

what does humoral mean?

A

Is made up of cells and soluble proteins

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5
Q

what is a Haematopoietic pluripotent stem cell (haemocytoblast)

A

he stem cell that every blood cell in the body originates from

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6
Q

define polymorphonuclear

A

more than one nucleus

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7
Q

what do polymorphonuclear leukocytes include?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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8
Q

define mononuclear leukocytes

A

one nucleus

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9
Q

what do mononuclear leukocytes include?

A

monocytes (kidney shaped nuclei), T-cells and B-cells (lymphocytes)

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10
Q

what are the cells involved in the immune system ?

A

1.neutrophils
2. monocytes
3.macrophages
4. basophil
5.mast cell
6. t lymphocytes
7. b lymphocytes
8. natural killer cells

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11
Q

what is the importance of neutrophils?

A

Plays an important role in innate immunity (phagocytosis)

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12
Q

what are the 2 main intracellular granules- neutrophils?

A

Primary lysosomes – can kill microbes by secreting toxic substances
Secondary granules

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13
Q

what is the importance of monocytes?

A

Plays an important role in innate AND adaptive immunity (phagocytosis and Ag presentation)

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14
Q

what do monocytes differentiate into?

A

macrophages in the tissues

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15
Q

what Is the main role of monocytes?

A

remove anything foreign (microbes) or dead

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16
Q

what is the importance of macrophages?

A

Play important role in innate and adaptive immunity (phagocytosis and Ag presentation)

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17
Q

where do you find macrophages?

A

Reside in tissues, lifespan – months/years e.g. Kupffer cells – liver, microglia – brain

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18
Q

what is the main role of macrophages

A

Most often first line of non-self recognition
Main role – remove foreign (microbes) and self (dead/tumour cells)
( also present Ag to T cells)

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19
Q

what is eosinophil mainly associated with?

A

Mainly associated with parasitic infections and allergic reactions

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20
Q

what is the lifespan of eosinophil?

A

Lifespan 8-12 days

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21
Q

what I the stain for eosinophil?

A

Granules stain for acidic dyes (eosin)

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22
Q

what does eosinophil do?

A

Activates neutrophils, induces histamine release from mast cells and provokes bronchospasm

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23
Q

what is basophil mainly involved in?

A

Mainly involved in immunity to parasitic infections and allergic reactions

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24
Q

what is the lifespan of basophil?

A

2 days

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25
Q

what is the stain for basophil?

A

Granules stain for basic dyes

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26
Q

wha do basophils do?

A

Binding of IgE to receptor causes de-granulation releasing histamine – main cause of allergic reactions
( they are similar to mast cells)

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27
Q

where are mast cells found? precursor?

A

Only in tissues (precursor in blood)

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28
Q

what are mast cells similar to?

A

basophils

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29
Q

what do mast cells do?

A

Binding to IgE to receptor causes de-granulation releasing histamine – main cause of allergic reactions

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30
Q

what is the major role of T lymphocytes?

A

Play major role in adaptive immunity

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31
Q

what is the lifespan for T lymphocytes?

A

hours-years

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32
Q

where to T lymphocytes mature?

A

in thymus

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33
Q

where are T lymphocytes found?

A

found in blood, lymph nodes and spleen

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34
Q

what do T lymphocytes generally do?

A

Recognise peptide Ag displayed presenting cells (APC)

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35
Q

what are the 4 main types of T cells?

A

T helper 1
T helper 2
Cytotoxic T cell
T regulator

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36
Q

what does t helper 1 do?

A

(CD4 – help immune response intracellular pathogens)

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37
Q

what does t helper 2 do?

A

(CD4 – help produce antibodies extracellular pathogens)

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38
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

(CD8 – can kill cells directly)

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39
Q

what do T regulator cells do?

A

regulate immune responses

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40
Q

what do B lymphocytes cells play a major role in?

A

Play major role in adaptive immunity

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41
Q

what is the lifespan of B lymphocytes?

A

lifespan hours- years

42
Q

where do B lymphocytes
mature?

A

in bone marrow

43
Q

what do b lymphocytes recognise?

A

Recognise Ag displayed by antigen presenting cells (APC)

44
Q

where do B lymphocytes differentiate?

A

Differentiate into plasma cells that make antibodies

45
Q

where are B lymphocytes found?

A

Found in blood, lymph nodes and spleen

46
Q

what do natural killer cells account for?

A

Account for 15% of lymphocytes

47
Q

where are natural killer cells found?

A

Found in spleen, tissues

48
Q

what do natural killer cells recognise ?

A

Virus infected cells
Tumours cells

49
Q

how do natural killer cells kill?

A

by apoptosis

50
Q

what are the soluble factors?

A

complement
antibodies
cytokines
chemokines

51
Q

what is a classic complement?

A

Ab bound to microbe

52
Q

what is alternative complement?

A

c binds to microbe

53
Q

what are the three modes of action of complements?

A

Direct lysis
Attract more leukocytes to site of infection
Coat invading organisms

54
Q

what are antibodies?

A

Hallmark of adaptive immunity – they bind specifically to antigen (Ag)
Immunoglobulin’s are soluble

55
Q

what are the 5 distinct classes of it’s and glycoproteins?

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

56
Q

Describe IgG

A

Predominant in human serum, 70-75% of total Ig in serum
Crosses placenta

57
Q

describe IgA

A

Accounts for 15% of Ig in serum
Predominant Ig in mucous secretions such as saliva, milk and bronchiolar secretions.

58
Q

describe IgM

A

Accounts for 10% of Ig in serum
Mainly found in blood (they’re big so they can’t cross the endothelium)
Mainly primary response, initial contact with Ag

59
Q

describe IgD

A

Accounts for 1% of Ig in serum
A transmembrane monomeric form is present on mature B cells

60
Q

describe IgE

A

Accounts for ~0.05% of Ig in serum
Basophils and mast cells express an IgE-specific receptor that has high affinity for IgE – binding triggers release of histamine
Associated with allergic response and defence against parasitic infections

61
Q

define antibody

A

protein produced in response to an antigen. It can only bind with the antigen that induced its formation – i.e. specificity.

62
Q

define antigens

A

a molecule that reacts with preformed antibody and specific receptors on T and B cells.

63
Q

define epitope

A

the part of the antigen that binds to the antibody/ receptor binding site

64
Q

define affinity

A

measure of binding strength between an epitope and an antibody binding site. The higher the affinity the better.

65
Q

define cytokines

A

proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells. Substances produced by one cell that influence the behaviour of another, thus effecting intercellular communication.

66
Q

what are the different types of cytokines?

A

interferons
interleukins
colony stimulating factors
tumour necrosis factors

67
Q

what to do interferons?

A

induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells and limit the spread of viral infection

68
Q

what produces interleukins?

A

produced by many cells, over 30 types.

69
Q

what can interleukins cause?

A

Can cause cells to divide, to differentiate and to secrete factors

70
Q

what are colony stimulating factors involved in?

A

Can cause cells to divide, to differentiate and to secrete factors

71
Q

what do tumour necrosis factors do?

A

Mediate inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

72
Q

what do chemokines do?

A

direct movement of leukocytes from the blood stream into the tissues or lymph organs by binding to specific receptors on cells.
They attract leukocytes to sites of infection/inflammation – like magnets

73
Q

describe innate ( non specific) defence mechanisms

A

-it is the 1st line of defence
-Provides barrier to antigen
-Is present from birth
-No memory
-Does not require lymphocytes

74
Q

describe adaptive ( specific) defence mechanisms

A

-Response specific to antigen
-Memory to specific antigen
-Quicker response
-Requires lymphocytes

75
Q

describe innate immunity

A

-Effective but limited
-Can be evaded
-Primitive (spread across species)
-Instinctive response
-No long lasting memory

76
Q

what does innate immunity include?

A

Physical and chemical barriers
Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages)
Serum proteins (complement, acute phase)

77
Q

what are the anatomical barriers? what do they each do?

A

-Skin – dermis and epidermis
-Sebum (skin secretions)
-Intact skin – prevents penetration, prevents growth

78
Q

what are the physical barriers / mucous membranes?

A

Saliva
Tears – lysozyme in tears and other secretions
Low pH and commensals of vagina
Mucous secretions
Mucous – entrapment
Cilia – beating removes microbes
Commensal colonies – attachment, nutrients

79
Q

what are the physiological barriers?

A

Temperature – chickens have high body temperature and are Anthrax resistant
Fever response inhibits micro-organism growth
pH
Gastric acidity – neonate stomach less acidic than adult so susceptible to infection

80
Q

what are the hallmarks for immunity?

A

Primitive (spread across species)
Un-learned/ instinctive response
Doesn’t depend on immune recognition by lymphocytes
Does not have long lasting memory

81
Q

define inflammation

A

: a series of reactions that brings cells and molecule of the immune system to sites of infection or damage

82
Q

what is the immune response to a barrier being breached ( tissue damage or infection)?

A

1.Stop bleeding (coagulation)
2.Acute inflammation (leukocyte recruitment)
3.Kill pathogens, neutralise toxins, limit pathogen spread
4.Clear pathogens/ dead cells (phagocytosis)
5.Proliferation of cells to repair damage
6.Remove blood clot – remodel extracellular matrix
7.Re-establish normal structure/ function of tissue

83
Q

define extravasion

A

a discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. Usually lymph from blood into tissues

84
Q

hallmarks for inflammation

A

Increased blood supply
Increased vascular permeability
Increased leukocyte trans-endothelial migration ‘extravasation’

85
Q

define acute inflammation

A

complete elimination of a pathogen followed by resolution of damage, disappearances of leukocytes and full regeneration of tissue (resolution – returns to normal homeostatic function)

86
Q

define chronic inflammation

A

persistent, un-resolved inflammation

87
Q

what can C’ complement do?

A

Lyse microbes directly (membrane attack complex)
Increase chemotaxis
Opsonisation (C3b – important to remember)

88
Q

describe the 6 steps of phagocytosis

A

Binding
Engulfment
Phagosome formation
Lysosome fusion (phagolysosome)
Membrane disruption
Antigen presentation/ secretion

89
Q

describe adaptive immunity

A

Microbes evade innate immunity
Intracellular viruses and bacteria hide from innate immunity
Need memory to specific antigen

90
Q

Cell mediated

A

T cells – intracellular microbes

91
Q

Humoral (Ab)

A

B cells – extracellular microbes

92
Q

what do major histocompatibility complexes do?

A

Display peptide from self OR non-self proteins (e.g. degraded microbial proteins) on the cell surface – invasion alert

93
Q

MHC 1

A

glycoproteins on all nucleated cells

94
Q

MHC II

A

– glycoproteins only on APC

95
Q

MHC III

A

code for secreted proteins

96
Q

Intrinsic (intracellular)

A

class I (all cells) – Tc (CD8) – kill infected cell with intracellular pathogen

97
Q

Extrinsic (extracellular)

A

class II (APC only) – Th (CD4) – help B cell make Ab to extracellular pathogen

98
Q

describe what is included in cell mediated immunity?

A

Antigen presenting cells (APC)
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
B cells
T cells
Requires intimate cell to cell contact
Control Ab responses via contact with B cells
Directly recognise and kill viral infected cells

99
Q

what other cells/ things does cell mediated immunity require?

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Intrinsic (endogenous) antigens
Extrinsic (exogenous) antigens
Recognise self or non-self

100
Q

what to T cells respond to?

A

Only respond to intracellular presented antigens

101
Q

describe T cell selection

A

T cells recognise self are killed in the foetal thymus as they matur

102
Q

provide a summary of B cell activation ( 5 steps)

A
  1. B cells become activated upon binding with an antigen. 2. These then go to the lymph nodes where clonal expansion takes place with the cells differentiating into plasma cells.
  2. These secrete Ab (usually IgM) which later turn into IgG. 4. B cells divide – clonal expansion and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells.
  3. Re-stimulation of memory B cells lead to secondary response.

phase 2a (67 decks)

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