Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

phase 2a > endocrine system- functional anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

endocrine system- functional anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the major endocrine system consist of?

A

The major endocrine system consists of the pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovary and testes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define hormone

A

to excite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define endocrine

A

(within/separate) glands ‘pour’ secretions into blood stream (thyroid, adrenal, beta cells of pancreas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define exocrine

A

outside) – glands ‘pour’ secretions through a duct to site of action (pancreas - amylase, lipase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the three types of hormone action?

A

endocrine
paracrine
autocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe endocrine hormone action

A

blood-borne, acting at distant sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe paracrine hormone action

A

acting on adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe autocrine hormone action

A

feedback on same cell that secreted hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the structure of peptides

A

-Vary in length – TRH: 3 amino acids, Gonadotrophins: 180 amino acids
-Linear or ring structures
-Two chains and may bind to carbohydrates e.g LH,FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where are peptides stored?

A

Stored in secretory granules, hydrophilic, water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how are peptides released?

A

Released in pulses or bursts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are peptides cleared?

A

Cleared by tissue or circulating enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how are water soluble hormones transported?

A

unbound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are fat soluble hormones transported?

A

protein- bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe cell interaction with water soluble hormones

A

bind to surface receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe cell interaction with fat soluble hormones

A

diffuse into cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe half life on water soluble hormones

A

short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe half life on fat soluble hormones

A

long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe clearance of water soluble hormones

A

fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe clearance of fat soluble hormones

A

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

name some water soluble hormone examples

A

peptides
monoamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name some fat soluble hormone examples

A

Thyroid hormone, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where are steroids stored

A

synthesised on demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where are peptides/monoamines stored?

A

in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe the synthesis stage of making peptide hormones

A

Synthesis: preprohormone -> prohormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe the packaging stage of making peptide hormones

A

Packaging: prohormone -> hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how are peptides stored and secreted as?

A

hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the steps of making a peptide hormone?

A
  1. synthesis
  2. packaging
  3. storage
  4. secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what do peptide hormones do?

A

-Surface receptor and secondary messenger activation
- Insulin receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what secretes amine?

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the rate limiting step of amines?

A

the conversion to l-DOPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

describe amines

A

water soluble, stored in secretory granules, release pulsatile, rapid clearance,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do amines bind to?

A

Bind to alpha and beta receptors or D1 and D2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

when amines bind to alpha receptors what can occur?

A

vasoconstriction, dilated pupil, alertness, contraction of stomach, bowel, anal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

when amines bind to beta receptors what can occur?

A

vasodilatation, increased heart rate, bronchial and visceral smooth muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are amines used for ?

A

Adrenoceptor Activation and Secondary Messengers
Stimulate the sympathetic nervous system – fight-or-flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

describe the solubility of thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid hormones are not water soluble; 99% is protein bound

38
Q

describe the secretion of thyroid hormones

A

Only 20% of T3 in the circulation is secreted directly by thyroid

39
Q

what do secretory cells do- thyroid hormones?

A

Secretory cells release thyroglobulin into colloid – acts as base for thyroid hormone synthesis

40
Q

what done adding iodine to tyrosine do?

A

form iodothyrosines

41
Q

how do you form iodothyrosines

A

Incorporation of iodine on tyrosine molecules

42
Q

what does coagulation of iodothyrosines do?

A

gives rise to T3 and T4 and stored in colloid bound to thyroglobulin

43
Q

what does TSH stimulate?

A

stimulates the movement of colloid into secretory cell, T4 and T3 cleaved from thyroglobulin

44
Q

what makes up a follicle?

A

Secretory cells and colloid make up follicle

45
Q

what are the 3 hormone receptor locations?

A
  1. cell membranes- peptide
  2. cytoplasm - steroid
  3. nucleus - thyroid
46
Q

describe the nuclear receptor family

A

oestrogen
thyroid hormone
vitamin d

47
Q

describe the steroid receptor family

A
  • glucocorticoids- cortisol
    -mineralocorticoids- aldosterone
    -androgens- testosterone
  • progesterone
48
Q

what are the steps of synthesis of thryoxine T4 and T3

A
49
Q

What is an advantage of cell membrane receptor?

A

– cell selectivity

50
Q

describe the solubility of vitamin D

A

fat soluble

51
Q

how does vitamin d enter the cell?

A

Enters cells directly to nucleus to stimulate mRNA production

52
Q

how is vitamin d transported?

A

Transported by Vitamin D binding protein

53
Q

describe the structure of
Adrenocortical and gonadal steroids

A

95% protein bound

54
Q

what does Adrenocortical and gonadal do after entering cell?

A

After entering the cell, it passes to nucleus to induce response

55
Q

what does Adrenocortical and gonadal bind to?

A

Bind to a cytoplasmic receptor

56
Q

what is Adrenocortical and gonadal steroids altered for?

A

Altered to active metabolite

57
Q

how is Adrenocortical and gonadal steroids inactivated?

A
  • In liver by reduction and oxidation, or conjugation to glucoronide and sulphate groups
58
Q

how do steroid hormones enter cell?

A

Steroid hormone diffuse through plasma membrane and binds to receptor

59
Q

what enters the nucleus with steroid hormones?

A

Receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus

60
Q

what binds to GRE in steroid action?

A

Receptor-hormone complex binds to GRE

61
Q

what does binding initiate in steroid action?

A

Binding initiates transcription of gene to mRNA

62
Q

what directs protein synthesis?

A

mRNA directs protein synthesis

63
Q

describe the steps of steroid action

A

Steroid hormone diffuse through plasma membrane and binds to receptor
Receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus
Receptor-hormone complex binds to GRE
Binding initiates transcription of gene to mRNA
mRNA directs protein synthesis

64
Q

how are hormones secreted?

A

Basal secretion – continuously or pulsatile

65
Q

what are inhibiting factors for hormone release?

A

dopamine inhibiting prolactin, sum of positive and negative effects (GHRH and somatostatin on GH)

66
Q

what 5 things control hormone action?

A
  1. hormone metabolism
    2, hormone receptor induction
  2. hormone receptor down regulation
  3. synergism
  4. antagonism
67
Q

how does hormone metabolism control hormone action?

A

increased metabolism to reduce function

68
Q

how does hormone receptor induction control hormone action?

A

– induction of LH receptors by FSH in follicle

69
Q

how does hormone receptor down regulation control hormone action?

A

hormone secreted in large quantities cause down regulation of its target receptors

70
Q

how does synergism control hormone action?

A

combined effects of two hormones amplified (glucagon with epinephrine)

71
Q

how does antagonism control hormone action?

A

one hormone opposes other hormone (glucagon antagonizes insulin)

72
Q

go over pirtuitary anatomy

A
73
Q

what do hypothalamic neurone do

A

synthesize oxytocin or ADH.

74
Q

where are oxytocin and ADH transported?

A

transported down the axons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary.

75
Q

where are oxytocin and ADH stored?

A

in axon terminals in posterior pituitary.

76
Q

when hypothalamic neurones are activate what happens?

A

activated, hormones released.

77
Q

Control of vasopressin release and it’s actions

A
78
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates mammary glands
and labour contractions

79
Q

what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

A

TSH- thyroid- thyrotrophs
ACTH- adrenal cortex- corticotrophs
FSH and LH- testes or ovaries- gonadotrophs
GH- entire Body- somatorophs
Prolactin- Mammary glands- lactotrophs

80
Q

name some examples of pituitary dysfunction

A

Tumour mass effects
Hormone excess
Hormone deficiency

81
Q

what test would you do if you had pituitary dysfunction?

A

Investigations
Hormonal tests
If hormonal tests
abnormal or tumour
mass effects perform
MRI pituitary

82
Q

describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

A

Hypothalamus -> TRH -> anterior pituitary -> TSH -> thyroid gland -> thyroid hormones

83
Q

describe the function of thyroid hormone

A
  • Accelerates food metabolism
  • Increases protein synthesis
  • Stimulation of carbohydrate metabolism
    *Enhances fat metabolism
  • Increase in ventilation rate
  • Increase in cardiac output and heart rate
  • Brain development during foetal life and postnatal development
    *Growth rate accelerated
84
Q

what is the half life of t4?

A

5 to 7 days

85
Q

what is the half life of t3

A

1 day

86
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

steroid hormones

87
Q

what does Renin-Angiotensin System do?

A

decrease blood volume and/ or blood pressure
increase potassium in blood
or vice versa

88
Q

name the three types of steroid hormones?

A

Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone
Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol androgens
Androgens e.g. androstenedione and DHEA

89
Q

what does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

epinephrine
norephinephrine

90
Q

what is the short term response in stress with adrenal hormones?

A
  • Heart rate increases
  • Blood pressure increases
  • Bronchioles dilate
  • Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases
    glucose to blood
  • Blood flow changes, reducing digestive system activity
    and urine output
  • Metabolic rate increases
91
Q

what is the long term response in stress with adrenal hormones?

A

Kidneys retain
* Proteins and fats converted
sodium and water
to glucose or broken down
* Blood volume and
for energy
blood pressure
* Blood glucose increases
rise
Immune system
supressed

phase 2a (67 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions