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phase 2a > Benign and Malignant Tumours: Tumour classification > Flashcards

Benign and Malignant Tumours: Tumour classification Flashcards

1
Q

what does tumour mean?

A

any abnormal swelling

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2
Q

what can cause swelling?

A

Neoplasm
Inflammation
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia

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3
Q

describe neoplasms

A

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed.
always a new growth

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4
Q

what is a lesion

A

a localised abnormality that results from the autonomous …..

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5
Q

what are neoplastic cells derived from?

A

nucleated cells usually monoclonal

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6
Q

describe the structure of neoplasms

A

neoplastic cells surrounded by the stroma providing support for the neoplastic cells.

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7
Q

describe the growth pattern of neoplastic cells

A

the growth pattern and synthetic activity will be related to parent cell
e.g- if from thyroid, will grow like thyroid and may even produce same hormone

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8
Q

describe the stroma in neoplasms

A

Gr. = mattress
Connective tissue framework
provides mechanical support and nutrition

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9
Q

tumour angiogenesis

A
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10
Q

Why is it important to classify neoplasms?

A

To determine appropriate treatment
To provide prognostic information
To aid communication

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11
Q

How are neoplasms classified?

A

Behavioural
Benign/Malignant
Histogenetic
Cell of origin

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12
Q

How are neoplasms classified in terms of their behaviour?

A

benign
borderline
malignant

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13
Q

Describe benign neoplasms

A

Localised, non-invasive
Slow growth rate
Low mitotic activity
Close resemblance to normal tissue
Circumscribed or encapsulated

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14
Q

Describe the histological features of benign neoplasms

A

Nuclear morphometry often normal
Necrosis rare
Ulceration rare
Growth on mucosal surfaces usually exophytic- tend to grow up and outwards

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15
Q

Why worry about benign neoplasms?

A

Cause morbidity and mortality by:
-Pressure on adjacent structures
-Obstruct flow
-Produce hormones
-Transform to malignant neoplasm
-Anxiety

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16
Q

Describe malignant neoplasms

A

-Invasive- surrounding tissue- in lymphatic,vessels,nerves therefore can metastasise
-Metastases- not a defining feature as some malignant neoplasms never metastasise
-Rapid growth rate- easy to find mitotic figueres
-Variable resemblance to normal tissue- more aggressive-less resembalance
-Poorly defined or irregular border

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17
Q

Describe the histological features of malignant neoplasms

A

-Hyperchromatic ( darker than normal) nuclei
-Pleomorphic ( larger than normal) nuclei
-Increased mitotic activity
-Necrosis and ulceration common
-Growth on mucosal surfaces and skin often endophytic-( down and inwards)

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18
Q

Why worry about malignant neoplasms?

A

Cause morbidity and mortality
-Destruction of adjacent tissue
-Metastases
-Blood loss from ulcers
-Obstruct flow
-Produce hormones
-Paraneoplastic effects- ( effects at different sites)
–Anxiety and pain

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19
Q

define histogenesis

A

The specific cell of origin of a neoplasm

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20
Q

what cells do neoplasms arise from?

A

-Epithelial cells (most common)
-Connective tissues
-Lymphoid/haematopoietic organs

21
Q

for neoplasms what suffix is used?

A

-Oma

22
Q

for neoplasms what prefix is used?

A

depends on behavioural classification and cell type

23
Q

Describe what a Papilloma is

A

-Benign neoplasm of non-glandular non-secretory epithelium
-Prefix with cell type of origin, e.g. squamous cell papilloma

24
Q

Describe what an Adenoma is ?

A

-Benign neoplasm of glandular or secretory epithelium
-Prefix with cell type of origin, e.g. colonic adenoma, thyroid adenoma

25
Q

Describe what a carcinoma is

A

Malignant epithelial neoplasm
Prefix with epithelial cell type e.g. urothelial carcinoma

26
Q

what are adenocarcinomas?

A

Carcinomas of glandular epithelium are adenocarcinomas

27
Q

what are the names for benign connective tissue neoplasms- adipocytes?

A

lipoma

28
Q

what are the names for benign connective tissue neoplasms- cartilage?

A

Chondroma

29
Q

what are the names for benign connective tissue neoplasms- s
bone?

A

Osteoma

30
Q

what are the names for benign connective tissue neoplasms- vascular?

A

Angioma

31
Q

what are the names for benign connective tissue neoplasms= striated muscle?

A

Rhabdomyoma

32
Q

what are the names for benign connective tissue neoplasms- smooth muscle?

A

Leiomyoma

33
Q

what are the names for benign connective tissue neoplasms- nerves?

A

neuroma

34
Q

How are malignant neoplasms further classified?

A

by how closely they resemble normal tissue (degree of differentiation)

35
Q

describe the term anaplastic

A

Where cell type of origin cannot be determined

36
Q

name four eponymously named neoplasms

A

Burkitt lymphoma
Ewing sarcoma
Grawitz tumour
Kaposi sarcoma

37
Q

what are the names for malignant connective tissue neoplasms- adipose tissue?

A

liposarcoma

38
Q

what are the names for malignant connective tissue neoplasms- striated muscle?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

39
Q

what are the names for malignant connective tissue neoplasms- smooth muscle

A

Leiomyosarcoma

40
Q

what are the names for malignant connective tissue neoplasms- cartilage?

A

Chrondrosarcoma

41
Q

what are the names for malignant connective tissue neoplasms- bone?

A

osteosarcoma

42
Q

what are the names for malignant connective tissue neoplasms- blood vessels?

A

Angiosarcoma

43
Q

which -omas are not neoplasms?

A

granuloma, mycetoma, tuberculoma

44
Q

melanoma

A

malignant neoplasm of melanocytes

45
Q

mesothelioma

A

malignant neoplasm of mesothelial cells

46
Q

lymphoma

A

malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells

47
Q

A 46 year old woman undergoes an elective hysterectomy to treat severe menorrhagia (heavy periods). The pathologist examining the specimen reports the presence of multiple benign smooth muscle neoplasms within the myometrium.

What are these neoplasms called?

A

Leiomyomas

48
Q

A 72 year old man undergoes a biopsy of his colon. The biopsy reveals a disease process that is not neoplastic or due to an infection.

What is the likely abnormality?

A

Granuloma

49
Q
A

phase 2a (67 decks)

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