cholinergic and adrenergic pharmacology

Question 1

what is cholinergic and adrenergic pharmacology responsible for?

Answer 1

Control of blood pressure
Control of heart rate
Anaesthetic agents
Regulation of airway tone
bronchospasm
Pressures in the eye
Control of GI function

Question 2

what is cholinergic and adrenergic pharmacology responsible for in terms of blood pressure?

Answer 2

raise it in shock, lower it in hypertension

Question 3

what is cholinergic and adrenergic pharmacology responsible for in terms of heart rate?

Answer 3

speed up lethal bradycardias, slow down dangerous tachycardias

Question 4

what is cholinergic and adrenergic pharmacology responsible for in terms of anaesthetic agents?

Answer 4

muscle relaxants

Question 5

what is cholinergic and adrenergic pharmacology responsible for in terms of regulation of airway tone?

Answer 5

treat life threatening bronchospasm

Question 6

what is cholinergic and adrenergic pharmacology responsible for in terms of pressures in the eye?

Answer 6

prevent glaucoma causing blindness

Question 7

what is cholinergic and adrenergic pharmacology responsible for in terms of control of GI function?

Answer 7

diarrhoea and constipation

Question 8

what is the structure of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 8

In the autonomic system, there are two nerves in series:
pre and post-ganglionic fibres

The parasympathetic ganglia are near their targets with short post-ganglionic nerves, whereas the sympathetic are near the spinal cord with longer post-ganglionic fibres

Question 9

which nerves in the parasympathetic carry signals to the body?

Answer 9

Cranial nerves like the oculomotor nerve, facial nerve and vagus nerve

Question 10

in the parasympathetic nervous system what do short post synaptic nerve fibres do?

Answer 10

Short post-synaptic nerve fibres reach the targets and release acetylcholine (ACh), which acts on muscarinic receptors of various subtypes

Question 11

what does the sympathetic nervous system regulate?

Answer 11

Regulates the fight-and-flight response

Question 12

describe the nerve fibres location in the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 12

Nerve fibres originating in the spinal cord terminate in ganglia near the cord, then send out long nerve fibres to blood vessels, muscles etc.

Question 13

what do the nerve fibres release in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 13

They release noradrenaline which activates adrenergic receptors, of which there are two main types (alpha/ beta) with subtypes

Question 14

what do Parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres coming out of the CNS release and what does that act on?

Answer 14

both release ACh, which acts on specific receptors called nicotinic receptors

Question 15

what do the post ganglionic parasympathetic fibres release and what does it act on?

Answer 15

more acetylcholine, this time acting on muscarinic receptors

Question 16

what do the post ganglionic sympathetic fibres release and what does it act on?

Answer 16

noradrenaline, acting on alpha and beta adrenoceptors

Question 17

what can G proteins activate

Answer 17

various types of second messenger signals with different consequences for the cells

Question 18

what is the G protein coupled receptor structure used for in general

Answer 18

for signalling

Question 19

what is the G protein coupled receptor structure found in the body- M1

Answer 19

mainly in the brain

Question 20

what is the G protein coupled receptor structure found in the body- M2

Answer 20

mainly in the heart. (their activation slows the heart, so we can block these)

Question 21

what is the G protein coupled receptor structure found in the body- M3

Answer 21

glandular and smooth muscle. (cause bronchoconstriction, sweating, salivary gland secretion

Question 22

what is the G protein coupled receptor structure found in the body- M4/5

Answer 22

mainly in the CNS

Question 23

what are the anti cholinergic side effects in the brain

Answer 23

anticholinergics worsen memory and may cause confusion

Question 24

what are the anti cholinergic side effects peripherally?

Answer 24

may get constipation, drying of the mouth, blurring of the vision, worsening of glaucoma

Question 25

what does alpha 1 activation cause

Answer 25

vasoconstriction, particularly in the skin and splanchnic beds: less so in brain, lung, heart

Question 26

what does adrenaline do?

Answer 26

will raise blood pressure and cardiac work in other setting

Question 27

What does topical alpha activation do?

Answer 27

in nasal decongestion

Question 28

what does alpha 1 activators do

Answer 28

raise blood pressure

Question 29

what does alpha 2 activators do

Answer 29

lower blood pressure

Question 30

what do alpha blockers do?

Answer 30

block alpha 1 to Lower blood pressure- doxasozin

Question 31

what does tamsulosin do?

Answer 31

blocks a specific subtype (alpha 1A) in the prostate, to help treat prostatic hypertrophy

Question 32

what does beta activation 1 do?

Answer 32

will increase heart rate and chronotropic effects, and may increase risk of arrhythmias

Question 33

what does beta activation 2 do?

Answer 33

Beta 2 activation is life saving in asthma, and can delay onset of premature labou

Question 34

what does beta activation 3 do?

Answer 34

Beta 3 agonists can reduce over-active bladder symptoms

Question 35

what do beta blockers do?

Answer 35

Lower blood pressure (reduction in cardiac output reduction in central sympathetic outflow activity), reduce cardiac work, treat arrhythmias
Some drugs have mixed alpha/ beta blocking roles with varying theoretical benefits
Uses;

Question 36

what are the uses of beta blockers?

Answer 36

Angina
MI prevention
High blood pressure
Heart failure

Question 37

what are the side effects of beta blockers?

Answer 37

Tiredness
Bronchoconstriction
Bradycardia
Cardiac depression