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immunology block 5 > Introduction To Immunity And Inflammation > Flashcards

Introduction To Immunity And Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Three R’s of the immune system

A
  • recognize
  • respond
  • remember
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2
Q

Foreign proteins that stimulate an immune response

A

Antigen (Ag)

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3
Q

An antigen that is very antigenic

A

Immunogen

-robust antibody genesis

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4
Q

Immune-reactive protein made in response to exposure to foreign Ag

A

Antibody (Ab)

Magic bullets that locate and attach to target

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5
Q

Disease-causing microorganism

A

Pathogen

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6
Q

What percentage of micro organisms are pathogenic?

A

Les than 10%

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7
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes

A

B-cells

T cells

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8
Q

Plasma cells that make antibodies specific to each Ag

A

B-cells

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9
Q

Termed Ab-mediated immunity

A

B cells

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10
Q

What are the two types of T cells

A
  • cytotoxic lymphocytes ((Tc/CD-8)

- T-helper lymphocytes (Th/CD-4)

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11
Q

Attack infected/mutant/foreign cells

A

Cytotoxic lymphocytes (Tc/CD-8)

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12
Q

Regulate immune response, traffic cop

A

T helper lymphocytes (Tc/CD4)

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13
Q

AIDs attacks these cells

A

T helper cells

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14
Q

How do you gauge the damage done by AIDS

A

CD4 count

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15
Q

Cells that kill and eat

A

Phagocytes

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16
Q

What are the two main phagocytes

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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17
Q

Cell that ingests pathogens and cellular debris and presents antigens to Th-cells

A

Macrophages

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18
Q

Ingests pathogens and cellular debris, but do not present antigens to Th cells

A

Neutrophils

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19
Q

What is the main difference between macrophages and neutrophils

A

Macrophages present antigens to the Th-cells

Neutrophils do not present antigens to the Th-cells

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20
Q

What activates specific immunity?

A

Phagocytes

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21
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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22
Q

Where do all blood cells develop?

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

Where does B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

What is the 1st line of defense of the immune system

A

Non-specific, barriers

-skin, mucus, HCL

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25
Q

What is the second line of defense in the immune system

A

Non-specific-cellular

  • phagocytosis
  • inflammation
  • complement
  • fever
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26
Q

What is the 3rd line of defense for the immune system

A

Specific - immunity

  • antibodies
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • directed by cytokines (messengers)
  • phagocytosis
  • compliment
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27
Q

What two things are both involved with innate and adaptive (non specific and specific) immunity?

A

Phagocytosis and complement

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28
Q

What is considered innate immunity

A

1st line and second line of defense

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29
Q

What is considered adaptive immunity

A

3rd line

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30
Q

What are the two basic types of immunity

A

Innate and adaptive

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31
Q

Innate immunity

A
  • natural resistance with which a person is born
  • non-specific
  • non-inducible
  • no memory produced
  • acts early in immune response
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32
Q

What type of immunity is always on

A

Innate

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33
Q

Adaptive (acquired) immunity

A

True immunity

  • responds less rapidly than innate immunity but more effectively
  • specific
  • inducible
  • shows memory
  • demonstrates self tolerance
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34
Q

What happens when adaptive immunity can not differentiate between self and non self?

A

Autoimmune disorders

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35
Q

What phagocyte is innate only?

A

Neutrophils

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36
Q

What phagocyte is innate and adaptive?

A

Macrophages

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37
Q

Non specific barriers (skin)

A

First line

Physical and chemical (oil retards, sweat/tears kill)

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38
Q

Non specific barriers: digestive

A

HCL kills, intestinal bacteria compete

First line

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39
Q

Non specific barriers: respiratory

A

Nostril hair and mucus trap potential pathogens

First line

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40
Q

Tears contain bacteriolysis agent called

A

Lysozyme

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41
Q

Sweat contains bacteriocidal agent called

A

Dermcidin

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42
Q

What walls offender off and allows WBCs to clean house?

A

Inflammation

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43
Q

These coat invaders to make them more appetizing for phagocytes. They have an alternate and classical pathway

A

Complement proteins

44
Q

What pathway of the complement proteins requires antibodies?

A

Classical (specific)

45
Q

What pathway of complement proteins does not require antibodies?

A

Alternate (non specific)

46
Q

What are the 5 steps of inflammation?

A
  1. Initial phagocytosis
  2. Capillaries dilate and become more permeable
  3. Foreign matter contained
  4. More leukocytes migrate to area
  5. Leukocytes clear infection
47
Q

Initial phagocytosis in inflammation

A

Macrophages and neutrophils engulf debris and foreign matter

48
Q

What causes the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable in inflammation

A

Histamine released from mast cells

49
Q

Four hallmarks of inflammation

A
  • redness (rumor)
  • heat (color)
  • swelling (tumor)
  • pain (dolor)
50
Q

Which hallmarks of inflammation are due to histamine and which is not?

A
  • redness (rubor)
  • heat (calor)
  • Swelling (tumor)

Pain (dolor) does not require histamine

51
Q

What is the pain in inflammation due to?

A

Neural receptors stimulated by kinins

52
Q

Phagocytosis in inflammation

A
  • chemotaxis
  • neutrophils arrive within 1 hour
  • macrophages arrive within 10 hours
  • tissue macrophages (antigen presenting cells) (tonsils, spleen, nodes)
53
Q

What is another name for neutrophils

A

Segs or polys

54
Q

What’s another name for macrophages

A

APCs (antigen presenting cells)

55
Q

Leukocyte migration and proliferation in the inflammation process

A

Cytokines travel to bone marrow
Stimulate production of leukocytes
Increase WBC circulating numbers 4-5 times

56
Q

How much does the WBC count circulating in the blood increase during inflammation

A

4-5 times

57
Q

What secretes cytokines?

A

Phagocytes

58
Q

How do phagocytes secrete cytokines?

A

-triggered by attachment of antigen to phagocyte

59
Q

What are the secretory products of macrophages

A

Cytokines

60
Q

What are some cytokines that are secreted by macrophages

A

Interleukins (ILs) & tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

61
Q

What are the actions of ILs and TNF

A

-communication between WBCs

62
Q

What is the action of ILs and TNF in bone marrow

A

Produce/secrete more leukocytes

63
Q

What is the action of ILs and TNF in hypothalamus?

A

Fever (pyrogens)

-mediated though prostaglandins (pgE)

64
Q

What is the action of ILs and TNF in liver

A

Acute phase proteins

-CRP (C relative protein, used to track fever and inflammation)

65
Q

What are the local effects of TNF-a

A

Activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability, which leads to increased entry of IgG, complement, and cells

66
Q

What are the systemic effects of TNF-a

A

Fever, mobilization of metabolites of shock

67
Q

What are the local effects of IL-6?

A

Lymphocytes activation, increased antibody production

68
Q

What are the systemic effects of IL-6?

A

Fever, induces acute phase proteins from liver

69
Q

What are the acute phase proteins that IL-6 induce in hepatocytes?

A
  • C-reactive protein

- fibrinogen

70
Q

What is C-reactive protein

A
  • acute phase protein induced from hepatocytes from IL-6

- binds to bacterial surface, opsonizes bacteria and activates complement

71
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A
  • acute phase protein induced by IL-6 (in hepatocytes)

- has to do with clotting

72
Q

ESR

A

Erythrocytes sedimentation rate

Used to determine inflammation
Used to determine if a drug is working for inflammation or not

73
Q

What are the actions of complement proteins when activated?

A
  • pokes holes in bacteria via membrane attack complex (MAC attack)
  • stimulat histamine release (initiating inflammation)
  • chemotaxis (scent trail for phagocytes)
  • opsinization (coat pathogens to enhance phagocytosis like icing on cake)
74
Q

What is the third line of immune system characterized by?

A
  • specificity
  • inducible and diversity
  • memory
  • self tolerant
75
Q

Key players in third line immune system

A
  • macrophages (kill and activate immune system)

- lymphocytes (B cells produce antibodies, T cells are traffic cops)

76
Q

Professional phagocytes and antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages

77
Q

What are macrophages activated by?

A

Th cytokines and bacteria

78
Q

What do macrophages do?

A
  • engulf/digest bacteria (non specific response)

- present/adorn membrane with foreign antigens

79
Q

What happens when the macrophage adorns/presents foreign antigens

A
  • trigger immune response
  • T and B cells check macrophage out
  • cell-cell signaling via cytokines
  • lottery winners proliferate
80
Q

Examples of macrophages: professional antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A
  • histiocytes
  • hepatic Kuppfer cells
  • Dendritic histiocytes and interdigitating reticulum cells in lymphoid organs
  • langerhans cells in skin and lymph nodes
  • langerhans cells in conjunctiva and cornea
81
Q

What are some immunologically protected sites?

A

Eye and brain, don’t want inflammation here

82
Q

Where is every blood cell formed?

A

Bone marrow

83
Q

Where do T cells form?

A

Bone marrow

84
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

Thymus

85
Q

T helper cells/Th/CD4

A

Activate B cells, T-cells, and macrophages

86
Q

Cytotoxic T cells/Tc/CD8

A

Kill ‘different’ cells (foreign virus-infected/mutant)

87
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Regulate the immune system (Th); kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells, cause delayed hypersensitivity, and tissue rejection (Tc)

88
Q

What is responsible for organ rejection?

A

CD8 cells

89
Q

Where do B cells form and mature

A

Bone marrow

90
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Produce antibodies

  • mark specific Ag for destruction
  • B cell makes only one Ab
91
Q

What is the piece of antigen that antibodies bind to?

A

Epitope, antigens can have many epitope

92
Q

What is the function of an antibody?

A
  • Neutralize and agglutinate antigens
  • tag/identify specific invaders for phagocytosis (opsonization)
  • activate complement
  • enhance NK cell activity
93
Q

What is the only lymphocyte that is part of the innate immune system?

A

Natural killer cell

94
Q

Placenta has antibody receptor for ______

A

IgG

FcG receptor

95
Q

All antibodies do what to antigens?

A

Bind to and neutralize them

96
Q

Between IgM and IgG, which is more specific?

A

IgG is very specific, IgM is least specific because it is an early response (acute)

97
Q

What is the biggest antibody?

A

IgM

98
Q

What is the only antibody that can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

99
Q

What antigen would you look for to see if someone had an infection that happened longer ago?

A

IgG, since it is very specific and takes a while to get produced

100
Q

What is the most common and important antibody class?

A

IgG

101
Q

This antibody predominates in secondary immune responses and crosses the placenta

A

IgG

102
Q

Role of IgG in antigen disposal

A

Activates complement

103
Q

____ is the predominant antibody in primary immune responses

A

IgM

104
Q

IgM role in antigen disposal

A

Activates complement

105
Q

What two antibodies activate complement?

A

IgM and IgG

immunology block 5 (11 decks)

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