Introduction to Diagnostic Bacteriology Flashcards
If prokaryotes don’t have a nuclear membrane, what do they have instead?
nucleoid region
He devised the word “sterile.”
Ferdinand Cohn
How can you say that a nucleus is a true nucleus?
If it is enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
He devised a microbial control method wherein heating and resting is repeated.
John Tyndall
These are microbes that is characterized by the presence of organelles; living organisms
Cellular
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Spontaneous Generation disproved
Louis Pasteur
Ferdinand Cohn contribution in 1849
He developed a histological tissue stain that are vegetable dyes.
These are non-pathogenic microorganisms that reside in the human body.
Normal Flora
These are pathogenic determinants that determine if a certain bacteria causes infection or not.
Virulence Factors
These are bacteria that requires oxygen for growth.
Aerobes
Period:
Contribution: DNA sequencing method
1977
It is characterized by a rapid/sudden onset of signs and symptoms which are usually severe to fatal that may lead to death.
Acute Infection
These are very simple microbes that depend on their host cell for survival and replication.
Virus
Epidemics of plague also occurred in Greece around _________.
430 BC
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are under __________.
Cellular Microbes
The two temperatures for Pasteurization.
60 - 65 C (30 mins)
70 - 75 C (15 mins)
What is the magnification of Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope?
30x - 200x
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Observation of “little animals”
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Give example/s of non-sterile specimens
stool, urine, sputum
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Petri-dish
Richard J. Petri
The establishment of substantial amount of microorganisms.
Colonization
Key Scientist:
Contribution: First Rabies Vaccination
Louis Pasteur
What does ubiquitous mean?
virtually everywhere
Period:
Contribution: Koch’s Postulate
1882
What does the theory of spontaneous generation state?
Life can arise from non-living matter.
Period:
Contribution: Petri-dish
1887
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Anaerobic Jars
McIntosh and Filde
This refers to to readily observable evidence of disease; physical manifestation
Signs
Plague is an example of a ___________ infection.
Zoonotic
Two Classifications of Microbes
Cellular and Acellular
Syphilis was carried to Europe by the _________.
Native Americans
Period:
Contribution: Gram Staining
1884
It was the year when Leeuwenhoek first documented and recorded the specimen.
1684
The ability of an organism to cause disease in a host.
Pathogenicity
The first form of Plague is the ___________.
Bubonic Plague
What are spores?
It’s like an armor that resists adverse conditions.
An infection which can be acquired from animals
Zoonotic Infection (Zoonosis)
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Advocating Handwashing
Ignaz Semmelweis
Which bacteria did Koch notice that does not get affected by ordinary stain?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Period:
Contribution: Proof that mosquitos carry the agent of yellow fever
1900
Enumerate example/s of endogenous infection
S. pneumoniae, UTI, Septicemia (explain)
He clarified that heat would sometimes fail to eliminate all microorganisms.
Ferdinand Cohn
What were the two bacteria that Koch discovered to be the cause of tuberculosis and cholera?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vibrio cholerae
Which organelles do prokaryotes have?
nucleoid region and ribosomes
He showed quite clearly that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians coming directly from the autopsy room.
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
How is Yersinia pestis transmitted?
Through the bite of a rat flea
Bacteria reproduces ____________.
asexually (via binary fission)
Virus and Prions are under ____________.
Acellular Microbes
Period:
Contribution: Utilization of solid culture media
1881
The first recorded epidemic was ____________.
Pestilence or Plague
Syphilis was brought to Portugal by __________.
Christopher Columbus
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Syphilis cure
Paul Erlich
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Discovery of Bacillus anthracis
Robert Koch
It is an Egyptian medical list of diseases and its treatment.
Ebers Papyrus
Leeuwenhoek is the Father of _____________.
Microbiology, Bacteriology, and Protozoology
These are characteristics that are visible, or observable.
Phenotypical
It is an infectious disease that is capabale of spreading from person-to-person.
Communicable Disease
These are specimens obtained from sites without normal flora.
Sterile Specimens
Period:
Contribution: Publication of the paper supporting germ theory of disease
1862
Algae, Fungi, and Protozoa is under __________.
Eukaryotes
An infection that arises from colonizing flora.
Endogenous Infection
Why can’t M. tuberculosis be stained methylene blue?
It has a high fatty-acid content which make its cell wall waxy
Period:
Contribution: Viruses
1892
Koch also developed methods of ________________ bacteria.
staining, fixing, photographing, and cultivating
What date was Ebers Papyrus encountered?
1500 BC
Period:
Contribution: Smallpox Vaccination - first scientific validation
1796
Briefly explain John Tyndall’s contribution
- He provided initial evidence that some microbes have high heat resistance thus, more vigorous treatment is required.
- Tyndallization
Give examples of fastidious bacteria
Neisseria (iron) and Haemophilus (blood)
These microbes contain both RNA and DNA, are capable for self-replication, and has a complex cell wall structure.
Bacteria
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Enrichment Culture Media
Martinus Beijerinck
Period:
Contribution: Observation of “little animals”
1667
Period:
Contribution: Spontaneous Generation disproved
1861
These are parts of the body with normal flora.
Non-sterile Sites
It is characterized by a gradual onset of signs and symptoms that are usually mild to moderate that may lead to long standing disease.
Chronic Infection
They grow under standard requirements, but they have an additional requirement to grow.
Fastidious Bacteria
Types of Infection Based on Clinical Onset of Signs and Symptoms
Acute and Chronic
Period:
Contribution: Practice of Antiseptic Surgery
1867
Syphilis, which was the most common disease back then, is caused by _________.
Treponema pallidum
Types of Infection Based on the Source of Pathogen
Endogenous and Exogenous
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Viruses
Dmitiri Iosifovich Ivanovsky
Period:
Contribution: Publication of the first description of microbes
1665
An altered health state in an infected host.
Disease
Period:
Contribution: Zoonosis First Description
1893
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Acid-fast stain
Paul Erlich
Period:
Contribution: DNA model
1953
This refers to any subjective evidence of disease; perception of patient.
Symptoms
A pathogen that infected a healthy host and survived the immune system is called __________.
True Pathogen
___________ have nuclear membrane, thus they have a true nucleus.
Eukaryotes
It is also known as the “black plague.”
Septicemic Plague
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Utilization of solid culture media
Robert Koch
A fungi that is multi-celled is called ____________.
Molds
The Four Groups of Microbes are:
Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Parasite
Enumerate the 3 features that enable a pathogen to cause disease in a host.
genetic, biochemical, or structural features
Methylene Blue was discovered in _________.
1876
What occurred in China back in 1122 BC?
Smallpox
Helmont proposed his proposal in the _________.
17th Century
A pathogen that infected an immunocompromised host is called ____________.
Opportunistic Pathogen
How can we identify medically important bacteria?
Through their phenotypical and genotypical characteristics.
It is a technique where methylene blue is employed with heat to melt the waxy cell wall.
Acid Fast Stain
Prokaryotes have __________ cellular organelles.
incomplete
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Koch’s Postulate
Robert Koch
Ferdinand Cohn contribution in 1872
He developed and discovered basal media.
Epidemics of plague occurred in Rome in ________.
790, 710, 640 BC
It is an illness caused by a pathogen which invades the body tissues and causes damage.
Infectious Disease
Two Types of Immunity
Cellular and Humoral
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Gram Staining
Hans Christian Gram
Types of Infection Based on Etiological/Causative Agent
Nosocomial and Zoonotic (Zoonosis)
The degree of pathogenicity; the power by which a pathogen can cause severe disease.
Virulence
Microbes are said to be _____________.
ubiquitous
Give example/s of macroscopic phenotypical characteristics
colonial morphology (bacterial growth in culture)
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Presence of flagella
Friedrich Loeffler
Period:
Contribution: first microbial genomic sequence
1995
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Autoclave
Chamberland
An infection associated with the presence of overt signs and symptoms of the disease.
Clinical/Symptomatic/Apparent
Key Scientist:
Contribution: DNA model
J. Watson and F. Crick
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Publication of the first description of microbes
Robert Hooke
Sterile means ____________.
completely free of all life forms
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Smallpox Vaccination - first scientific validation
Edward Jenner
Give example/s of non-sterile sites
GI tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract
It is acquired from the inhalation of aerosolized feces, urine, or saliva of rodents.
Pulmonary/Pneumonic Plague
A fungi that exists in two forms is called __________.
Dimorphic Fungi
Who is the Father of Handwashing
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
A fungi that is single-celled is called ___________.
Yeasts
Period:
Contribution: First Rabies Vaccination
1885
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Viral dependence of viruses
Martinus Beijerinck
Period:
Contribution: Discovery of Bacillus antracis
1876
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Penicillin Discovery
Alexander Fleming
Period:
Contribution: Autoclave
1884
These are specimens obtained from sites with normal flora.
Non-sterile specimens
__________ does not have a nuclear membrane.
Prokaryotes
Archaea and Bacteria is under ___________.
Prokaryotes
Period:
Contribution: Viral dependence of viruses
1899
He is the major proponent of the Germ Theory of Disease.
Robert Koch (1843 - 1910)
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Zoonosis First Description
T. Smith and F.I Kilbourne
Back in _______ BC, small pox occurred in China.
1122
He is the first to introduce aseptic techniques aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting and, preventing wound infections.
Joseph Lister
Parasites that are multi-celled is called ________.
Worms and Bugs
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Publication of the paper supporting germ theory of disease
Louis Pasteur
Pasteur developed vaccines for ____________.
Rabies
Cholera
Anthrax
Swine Erysipelas
He was the first person to see live bacteria and protozoa.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
The individual infected by the bubonic plague will demonstrate ___________.
swollen inguinal lymph glands
A microbial control method for killing microorganisms via heat using two temperatures.
Pasteurization
Period:
Contribution: Penicillin Discovery
1928
What year did the first appearance of Syphilis in Europe occurred?
1493
A branch of medical microbiology that focuses on the laboratory identification of medically important bacteria.
Diagnostic Bacteriology
An infection arising from invading pathogen from the external environment.
Exogenous Infection
The term “invasion” in terms of infections means _________.
Attachment to the host surface
He observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than did mothers who gave birth at the hospital.
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
He is a Flemish scientist who proposed that when you put wheat kernel and rug in a container, it would yield rats.
John Baptista van Helmont
Briefly enumerate Louis Pasteur’s contributions.
- microbes produce fermentation products
- opposed theory of spontaneous generation
- aerobes and anaerobe
- pasteurization
- supported germ theory of disease
- vaccines
Koch discovered that _________ produces spores.
Bacillus anthracis
Give example/s of sterile specimens
CSF, venous blood
Period:
Contribution: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
1983
The two genera of spore-forming bacteria
Bacillus and Clostridium
A branch of biology that deals with the study of medically important microorganisms and their role in human disease.
Medical Microbiology
Viruses consist of _____________.
nucleic acids, protein, and lipids (in some)
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Kary Mulls
Give example/s of genotypical characteristics
DNA sequence, nucleic acid composition, etc.
Give example/s of sterile sites
CNS, peripheral blood
Parasites that are single-celled is called _________.
Protozoa
It is the study of living organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Microbiology
What does the germ theory of disease state?
Specific microbes cause diseases or infections.
Eukaryotes have ___________ cellular organelles.
complete
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Proof that mosquitos carry the agent of yellow fever
Walter Reed
These are disease causing microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.
Pathogens
The swollen inguinal lymph glands demonstrated in bubonic plague is also called as ______.
bubos
The entry, invasion, and multiplication of pathogens in the host body which results to tissue injury, and progresses into a disease.
Infection
Period:
Contribution: Advocating Handwashing
1850
These are microbes that is characterized by their absence of organelles; non-living organisms
Acellular
Plague is caused by the bacterium ___________.
Yersinia pestis
Leeuwenhoek called what he observed under the microscope as _________.
animalcules
He demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation products.
Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895)
Give example/s of how virulence factors cause disease
capsules in S. pneumoniae, spores in B. anthraces, hyaluronidase in S. aureus
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Practice of Antiseptic Surgery
Joseph Lister
An infection acquired during hospitalization.
Nosocomial Infection
These are characteristics that is not visible, or observable.
Genotypical
Key Scientist:
Contribution: first microbial genomic sequence
The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR)
Period:
Contribution: Presence of flagella
1890
Types of Infection Based on Clinical Manifestation
Subclinical/Asymptomatic/Nonapparent and Clinical/Symptomatic/Apparent
These are parts of the body without normal flora.
Sterile Sites
Key Scientist:
Contribution: DNA sequencing method
W. Gilbert and F. Sanger
An infection with no obvious appearance of signs and symptoms and the person is unaware of the infection.
Subclinical/Asymptomatic/Nonapparent
Give example/s of microscopic phenotypical characteristics
bacterial morphology, gram-stain reaction
