Bacterial Cell Components Flashcards
1
Q
It serves as the mordant in Gram Staining.
A
Gram’s Iodine
2
Q
These bacteria usually have a gram negative reaction, but not because of their cell wall, but because they do not have a cell wall.
A
- Mycoplasma
- Ureaplasma
- Acholeplasma
3
Q
Give examples of Inclusion Bodies
A
- Much Granules
- Volutin/Babes Ernst Bodies/Metachromatic Granules
- Bipolar Bodies
4
Q
What are the two sporulating bacteria?
A
Bacillus and Clostridium
5
Q
Which gram bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer?
A
Gram Positive
6
Q
What are the functions of Slime Layer?
A
- Protection from phagocytosis
- Helps the bacteria to adhere to host tissues or synthetic implants
7
Q
What are the components of an acid fast cell wall?
A
Glycolipids and fatty acids
8
Q
What are the 2 forms of Glycocalyx?
A
Capsule and Slime Layer
9
Q
It serves as the primary stain in Gram Staining.
A
Crystal Violet
10
Q
Can bacteria synthesize their own food?
A
No (source: environment)
11
Q
How many phospholipid bilayer is present in a gram negative bacteria?
A
2
12
Q
These are longer and singular, hollow protein tubes that is primarily used in DNA conjugation.
A
Sex/Fertility/F Pilus
13
Q
What kind of staining method is used in acid fast staining?
A
Differential Stain
14
Q
It serves as the decolorizer in Hot Method of Acid Fast Staining.
A
Acid Alcohol
15
Q
All BACILLI are _________.
A
Gram Negative
16
Q
Explain the functions of the outer membrane
A
- It acts as a barrier to hydrophobic compounds.
- It acts as a sieve which allows water-soluble molecules to enter through porins.
- It provides attachment sites to enhance attachment to host cells.
17
Q
A technique that is used to differentiate a gram-positive bacteria from a gram-negative bacteria.
A
Gram Staining
18
Q
These are gram-positive bacteria that demonstrates both gram-positive and gram-negative reactions.
A
Gram Variable
19
Q
ZIEHL NEELSEN METHOD
After applying the decolorizer, what will be the color of a non-acid fast bacteria?
A
Colorless
20
Q
What is the main composition of endospores?
A
Calcium Dipicolinate or Calcium Dipicolinic Acid Complex
21
Q
Alkaline stains target the ________.
A
acidic component
22
Q
Acidic stains target the _______.
A
basic component
23
Q
Glycocalyx is associated with what antigen?
A
K
24
Q
After applying the decolorizer, what will be the color of a gram-positive bacteria?
A
Purple
25
What are the two bacteria that demonstrates a natural gram variability?
- Mobilincus spp.
- Gardnerella vaginalis
26
Ziehl Neelsen method is also known as the ________.
Hot method
27
These are exterior protein filaments or whip-like projections with a motor attached in a basal body responsible for its propeller-like rotation.
Flagella
28
_______ are very difficult to stain, but stainable bacteria are usually gram negative.
Spirals
29
The sites of protein synthesis in bacterial cells which has a size of 70S.
Free Ribosomes
30
Precautions: Prolonged decolorization
Effect:
False gram-negative
31
It allows the bacteria to easily attach to the host surface.
Degradative enzymes
32
Pili are usually found in which gram bacteria?
Negative
33
An inclusion body that contains polyphosphates or inorganic phosphates and is found in C. diphtheriae
Volutin/Babes Ernst/Metachromatic
34
What are the 3 methods of acid fast staining?
- Ziehl Neelsen
- Kinyoun
- Auramine-Rhodamine
35
Peptidoglycan is also known as the _________.
Murein
36
It means fringe in Latin
Fimbriae
37
_________ render the cells resistant to decolorization.
Mycolic acid
38
After applying the secondary stain, what will be the color of a gram-positive bacteria?
Purple
39
How many subunits are there in a free ribosome of bacterial cells?
2 (50S and 30S)
40
ZIEHL NEELSEN METHOD
After applying the primary stain, what will be the color of a non-acid fast bacteria?
Red
41
Describe the chromosome of a bacteria
single and circular
42
Which gram bacteria has a thin peptidoglycan layer?
Gram Negative
43
An acid-fast bacteria stains ________.
Red
44
All COCCI are _________.
Gram Positive
45
What happens if the cell wall can't withstand osmotic pressure?
It can cause cell lysis
46
How many phospholipid bilayer is present in a gram positive bacteria?
1
47
What are the three gram negative cocci bacteria?
*- Neisseria
- Veillonella
- Moraxella/Branhamella*
48
A gram-positive bacteria stains _______.
purple
49
It is the most commonly encountered acid-fast bacteria.
*Mycobacterium*
50
After applying the primary stain, what will be the color of a gram-positive bacteria?
Purple
51
Flagella is made up of a protein material called _________.
Flagellin
52
It regulates the autolytic enzyme and contains antigenic properties that stimulate the immune response of the host.
Lipoteichoic acid
53
Elaborate the functions of the Cell Wall
1. It gives and maintains the shape of the cell.
2. It gives strength to withstand changes in the environmental osmotic pressure.
3. It protects against mechanical disruption.
4. It offers a barrier to the passage of large substances.
5. It serves as the location of the ETC, where energy is generated.
54
Why is Kinyoun method referred to as a "cold method"?
Because, we do not need to use heat in order for the stain to penetrate the walls of the bacteria. The high concentration of the phenol in the primary stain solution already allows the primary strain to penetrate the walls of the bacteria.
55
It serves as the secondary stain in Hot Method of Acid Fast Staining.
Methylene Blue or Malachite Green
56
Precautions: Antibiotic-treated, dead, degenerating culture
Effect:
Gram-variable or gram-ghost
## Footnote
only occurring in gram-positive bacteria
57
These bacteria are capable of autolysis.
S.pneumoniae and S. aureus
58
It is very useful in serologically typing and identifying species of Salmonella.
H Antigen
59
Two Groups of Bacteria According to Gram Stain Reaction
Gram Positive and Gram Negative
60
Kinyoun method is also known as the _________.
Cold method
61
ZIEHL NEELSEN METHOD
After applying the secondary stain, what will be the color of a non-acid fast bacteria?
Blue or Green
62
ZIEHL NEELSEN METHOD
After applying the decolorizer, what will be the color of an acid fast bacteria?
Red
63
Auramine-Rhodamine or Fluorescent method is also known as __________.
Truant's Stain
64
Elaborate the composition of the outer membrane
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Lipopolysaccharide
- Porin
65
How does teichoic acid provide rigidity to the cell wall of a gram positive bacteria?
By attracting magnesium and calcium, which makes the cell wall hard.
66
Enumerate the components of an Acid Fast Stain (Kinyoun)
1. Carbol Fuchsin
2. Chemical Tergitol
3. Acid Alcohol
4. Methylene Blue
67
It means hair in Latin
Pili
68
An example of an autolytic enzyme _________.
Muramidase
69
ZIEHL NEELSEN METHOD
After applying the secondary stain, what will be the color of an acid fast bacteria?
Red
70
Enumerate the components of an Acid Fast Stain (Ziehl Neelsen)
1. Carbol Fuchsin
2. Heat
3. Acid Alcohol
4. Methylene Blue/Malachite Green
71
A complex, multilayered, highly refractile structure that can be found within the cell's cytoplasm.
Bacterial Spores or Endospores
72
It serves as the secondary stain in Gram Staining.
Safranin
73
Give examples of a distinctly acid-fast bacteria
- Cryptosporidium
- Isospora
74
Give examples of a partially acid-fast bacteria
*- Nocardia
- Rhodococcus
- Legionella micdadei*
75
Which gram bacteria causes a faster progression of disease?
Gram Negative
76
After applying the decolorizer, what will be the color of a gram-negative bacteria?
Colorless
77
These are folds or invaginations along the length of the cytoplasmic or plasma membrane.
Mesosomes
78
It provides rigidity to the cell wall of a gram positive bacteria.
Teichoic acid
79
Pili is made up of a protein material called ________.
Pilin
80
The original color of bacteria is _________.
colorless
81
An exterior high molecular weight appendage made up of polysaccharide polymers or polypeptides.
Glycocalyx
82
Spores are highly resistant to ____________.
desiccation, heat, and chemical agents
83
An inclusion body that contains lipids and is found in M.tuberculosis
Much Granules
84
Enumerate the contributing factors of gram variability.
1. Culture
2. pH of staining reagent
3. Bacterial autolysis
4. Staining reaction time
85
Auramine-Rhodamine is also known as the __________.
Fluorescent or fluorochrome method
86
After applying the mordant, what will be the color of a gram-negative bacteria?
Purple
87
It serves as the mordant in Hot Method of Acid Fast Staining.
Heat
88
It serves as the primary stain in Hot Method of Acid Fast Staining.
Carbol Fuchsin
89
After applying the mordant, what will be the color of a gram-positive bacteria?
Purple
90
It serves as the decolorizer in Gram Staining.
Acetone Alcohol
91
What kind of staining technique is a Gram Stain?
Differential
92
These are shorter, numerous, sticky hair-like appendages that is used for adherence.
Common/Somatic/Ordinary Pilus
93
What is the main fatty acid found in an acid fast cell wall?
Mycolic acid
94
__________ and _________ have a gram positive cell wall structure, however because 60% of its cell wall is made up of mycolic acid (waxy), it affects its permeability which makes it difficult to gram stain.
Mycobacterium and Nocardia
95
It is specifically designed for a subset of bacteria whose cell walls contain a long-chain of fatty acids.
Acid Fast Staining
96
What is the composition of the acid alcohol used in Ziehl Neelson method?
3% HCl in 95% Ethanol
97
Precautions: Insufficient 2nd stain application
Effect:
False-gram positive
98
Spores serve as a ________ or ________ stage for bacteria when they are exposed to unfavorable conditions.
resting or hibernating
99
It gives a "safety pin" appearance in Y.pestis
Bipolar Bodies
100
A phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that envelops the cytoplasm but does not contain sterols.
Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane
101
Mesosomes serve as a ____________.
point of attachment for chromosomes
102
It is a gel-like substance that contains degradative enzymes and helps the bacteria in capturing nutrients from the environment.
Periplasmic Space
103
ZIEHL NEELSEN METHOD
After applying the mordant, what will be the color of a non-acid fast bacteria?
Red
104
After applying the primary stain, what will be the color of a gram-negative bacteria?
Purple
105
It is a characteristic demonstrated only by gram positive bacteria.
Gram Variability
106
A uniform and condensed organized material that is firmly attached to the cell wall of the bacteria.
Capsule
107
Enumerate the components of a Gram Stain
1. Crystal Violet
2. Gram's Iodine
3. Acetone Alcohol
4. Safranin
108
What are the other components that make up the cell wall of a gram positive bacteria?
Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid
109
A gram-negative bacteria stains _______.
red
110
Flagella is associated with which type of antigen?
H Antigen (Hauch Antigen)
111
A loose or diffused, thick, viscous unorganized material that appears to be detached from the bacterial or not firmly attached to the cell wall.
Slime Layer
112
What are the gram positive bacilli bacteria?
- Mycobacterium
- Bacillus
- Erysipelothrix
- Lactobacillus
- Listeria
- Clostridium
- Rothia
- Aerobic Actinomyces
- Corynebacterium
- Kurthia
113
Inclusion bodies may be in a form of ___________.
- Glycogen (carbohydrate reserves)
- Polyphosphates (ATP reserves)
- Polybetahydroxybutyric acid (lipid reserves)
114
ZIEHL NEELSEN METHOD
After applying the mordant, what will be the color of an acid-fast bacteria?
Red
115
It is a type of protein found in the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria that serves as a channel, where substances enter.
Porin
116
Give the two structures that is unique only in gram negative bacteria
Periplasmic space and Outer Membrane
117
It is present in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, and is the deepest layer of the cell envelope.
Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane
118
After applying the secondary stain, what will be the color of a gram-negative bacteria?
Red
119
What are the two substances that make up the decolorizer in Gram Staining?
5% Acetone and 95% Alcohol
120
Precautions: Insufficient decolorization
Effect:
False gram-positive
121
An non-acid fast bacteria stains ________.
Blue/Green
122
What is the expected color in Auramine-Rhodamine method?
Bright, yellow-orange bacteria against a dark background
123
An acid fast staining method that does not require the use of heat.
Kinyoun Method
124
What is the main component of the plasma membrane of a bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
125
These are protein projections that are thinner and shorter than flagella.
Pili
126
What is the composition of the acid alcohol used in Kinyoun method?
3% H2SO4 in 95% Ethanol
127
What are the components of plasma membrane?
- Peptidoglycan (murein)
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Proteins
128
TRUE OR FALSE.
Gram Positive bacteria has a presence of periplasmic space.
False
129
ZIEHL NEELSEN METHOD
After applying the primary stain, what will be the color of an acid-fast bacteria?
Red
130
It serves as a depot or storage deposits when there is a limited or excess of a particular nutrient.
Inclusion Bodies
131
Precautions: CV rinsed too vigorously before Gram's Iodine
Effect:
False gram-negative
132
Elaborate the functions of Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane
- Separates the intracellular components from extracellular ones.
- Osmotic barrier/selective permeability
- Site of ETC
- Houses enzymes
133
If we are going to use HCl as a component in the decolorizer in Kinyoun method, what should be its concentration?
0.5%
134
It serves as an additional osmotic barrier.
Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane
135
This is where the nucleoid region is attached.
Mesosomes
136
Precautions: Prolonged 2nd stain application
Effect:
False-gram negative
137
Which bacteria contain sterols?
- *Mycoplasma* spp.
- *Ureaplasma* spp.
138
Medically Important Capsulated Bacteria
- *Neisseria meningitis*
- *Haemophilus influenzae* serotype b
- *Streptococcus pneumoniae*
- *Klebsiella pneumoniae*
- *Bacillus anthracis*
