Haemophilus spp. and Other Fastidious Gram Negative Bacilli Flashcards
Which family do Haemophilus spp, Actinobacillus spp., Pasteurella spp., and Aggregatibacter belong?
Pasteurellaceae
The Pasteurellaceae family includes the following genera ______.
MNEMONIC: HAPA
* Haemophilus spp.
* Actinobacillus spp.
* Pasteurella spp.
* Aggregatibacter spp.
Gram stain reaction of Pasteurellaceae
Gram Negative (-)
Morphology of Pasteurellaceae
- Pleomorphic
- Coccoid to rod-shaped (generally bacilli)
Is Pasteurellaceae motile?
No
Aerotolerance of Pasteurellaceae
Facultative Anaerobes
Catalase reaction of Pasteurellaceae
Positive (+)
Nitrate to Nitrite reduction result of Pasteurellaceae
Positive (+)
Oxidase reaction of Pasteurellaceae
Negative (-)
Haemophilus is derived from the Greek word meaning ________.
“blood-lover”
What is the fastidious requirement of Haemophilus spp.?
Blood
Blood contains which factors?
X and V
What is the X factor in Haemophilus spp.?
Hemin or Hematin
The X factor can be found in ______.
Hemoglobin of RBCs
The “X” in X factor stands for _______.
Unknown
What is the V factor in Haemophilus spp.?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
The “V” in V factor stands for _______.
Vitamin
It is a phenemenon which helps in the recognition of Haemophilus spp. requiring V factor.
Satellitism
What is the source of V factor in Satellitism?
Organisms
They could be from S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, or Neisseria spp.
What is the source of X factor in Satellitism?
BAP
Culture media for Haemophilus spp.
BAP and CAP
Which culture media is V factor dependent?
BAP
Which Culture Media?
RBC are still intact and contains NADase.
BAP
It hydrolyzes the V factor
NADase
Which Culture Media?
The blood is added when heat is tolerable
BAP
Which Culture Media?
Releases both X and V factors
CAP
Which Culture Media?
Inactivation of NADase
CAP
Which Culture Media?
The blood is added even if the mixture is still hot
CAP
Haemophilus influenzae is also known as ________.
Pfeiffer’s Bacillus
________ is also known as Pfeiffer’s Bacillus
Haemophilus influenzae
Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae
- Capsule
- IgA Protease
- Adherence Mechanisms
A virulence factor of H. influenzae which plays the most significant role.
Capsule/Capsular Polysaccharide
How is the capsule of H. influenzae virulent?
Inhibits phagocytosis (antiphagocytic) and anticomplementary activity
The capsule of H. influenzae can be serologically grouped into ____.
Groups A,B,C,D,E,F
The most invasive serotype of H. influenzae
Serotype b (Hib)
Serotype b is composed of ________
ribose, ribitol, phosphate (polyribitol phosphate)
______ is composed of ribose, ribitol, phosphate (polyribitol phosphate).
H influenzae Serotype b
H. influenzae strains with capsule are ______.
Typable
H. influenzae strains without capsule are ______.
Non-typable
What do you call the strains of H. influenzae without a capsule?
Non-typable H. influenzae (NTHi)
The only genus that produces IgA protease is _______.
Haemophilus influenzae
H. influenzae is the only genus that produces _______.
IgA protease
How is IgA protease of H. influenzae virulent?
It cleaves secretory IgA
Adherence mechanisms of H. influenzae
- NTHi Strains
- Serotype b
Adherence Mechanisms
These are adherent to human epithelial cells.
NTHi Strains
Adherence Mechanisms
Which strain of H. influenzae produces a localized infection?
NTHi Strain
Adherence Mechanisms
It is not adherent to human epithelial cells.
Serotype b
Adherence Mechanisms
Which strain of H. influenzae produces a systemic infection?
Serotype b
Infections produced by encapsulated strains of H. influenzae
MNEMONIC: SepSepMOCeffyPePE
* Septicemia
* Septic arthritis
* Meningitis
* Osteomyelitis
* Cellulitis
* Pericarditis
* Pneumonia
* Epiglottis
Infections produced by non-encapsulated strains of H. influenzae
MNEMONIC: O Si Cindy Ba Pumatay?
* Otitis media
* Sinusitis
* Conjunctivitis
* Bacteremia
* Pneumonia
The common name of Haemophilus aegyptius is _________.
Koch-Weeks Bacillus
Koch Weeks Bacillus is the common name of _______.
Haemophilus aegyptius
The causative agent of acute conjuctivitis is ________.
Haemophilus aegyptius
H. aegyptius is the causative agent of ________.
Acute Conjunctivitis
Acute conjunctivitis is also known as ________.
Pink eye
The counterpart of H. aegyptius in Virology is _______.
Adenovirus
______ in Virology, also causes pink eye.
Adenovirus
The causative agent of conjunctivitis in pediatric patients.
Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius
Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius is the causative agent of ________.
Conjunctivitis in pediatric patients
Is Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius capsulated?
No
It causes Brazilian Purpuric Fever (BPF)
Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius
Brazilian Purpuric Fever (BPF) is a ________ disease.
Systemic
Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius causes the systemic disease called _________.
Brazillian Purpuric Fever (BPF)
Which Haemophilus sp. is not a part of the human microbiota?
Haemophilus ducreyi
It is a strict pathogen, which is known to be the smallest pathogenic bacteria.
Haemophilus ducreyi
It is the causative agent of Chancroid
Haemophilus ducreyi
Haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent of ________.
Chancroid
It is a highly communicable sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease.
Chancroid
Two kinds of Chancroid
- Soft chancre
- Hard chancre
Soft chancre is caused by _______.
Haemophilus ducreyi
Hard chancre is caused by ______.
Syphilis
Which Haemophilus sp. causes endocarditis?
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Haemophilus parainfluenzae causes _____.
Endocarditis
The primary site of infection for Haemophilus parainfluenzae is ________.
Mitral Valve
Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.
Lower RT
Bronchial Washing
Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.
Genital sites are cleaned with ______.
sterile gauze
Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.
Genital sites are cleaned with sterile gauze moistened with ______.
sterile saline
Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.
________ are cleaned with sterile gauze with sterile saline.
Genital sites
Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.
Swab pre-moistened with ______ at the base of the ulcer.
sterile phosphate buffered saline
Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.
Swab pre-moistened with sterile phosphate buffered saline at the ________.
base of the ulcer
Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.
For genital sites, aspirate from _____.
buboes
Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.
For Haemophilus spp., ___________ instead of transport medium.
Direct Plating Bedside
Direct Microscopic Examination of H. influenzae
Intracellular and extracellular gram negative coccobacilli
An excellent medium for the isolation of Haemophilus spp. for RT specimens.
CAP
Culture media for H. influenzae
CAP incubated between 33 to 37 C with 5-10% CO2 at 18-24 hours of incubation w/ 300 ml/L of bacitracin
Why is bacitracin added to CAP in isolating H. influenzae?
To inhibit other normal flora in the RT
A synthetic supplement in a vial, which is a source of X and V factor.
IsoVitaleX or Vitox
Culture media for H. ducreyi and H. aegyptius
CAP with 1% IsoVitaleX or Vitox
Which Haemophilus sp. grows best at 33 C?
Haemophilus ducreyi
Culture media for H. ducreyi
Nairobi Biplate
Nairobi Biplate contains ______.
- GC agar base with 2% bovine hemoglobin and 5% fetal calf serum with vancomycin
- Mueller Hinton Agar with 5% chocolatized horse blood with vancomycin
GC agar base components
2% bovine hemoglobin and 5% fetal calf serum with vancomycin
Mueller Hinton Broth Agar components __________.
5% chocolatized horse blood with vancomycin
Macroscopic Examination
Haemophilus influenzae
CAP: Transluscent, tannish, moist colonies with a distinct “mousy” or bleach-like odor
Which Haemophilus sp. has a distinct “mousy” or bleach-like odor?
Haemophilus influenzae
Why can’t Haemophilus spp. grow on MAC agar?
Because the agar does not contain X and V factors
Macroscopic Examination
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
CAP: Tannish, drier, medium to large size compared to H. influenzae
Macroscopic Examination
Haemophilus haemolyticus and Haemophilus parahaemolyticus
β-hemolysis on BAP
Macroscopic Examination
Haemophilus ducreyi
CAP: Small, flat, smooth, non-mucoid, transparent to opaque colonies
Which organism is it?
Colonies can be pushed intact using a loop and difficult to pick up
Haemophilus ducreyi
Which organism is it?
It produces a “clumpy” non-homogenous appearance when suspended in saline.
Haemophilus ducreyi
H. ducreyi produces a ________ non-homogenous appearance when suspended in saline.
“clumpy”
H. ducreyi produces a “clumpy” non-homogenous appearance when suspended in ________.
saline
Microscopic Examination
Haemophilus spp.
Small, gram negative (-), coccobacilli to long filaments
Microscopic Examination
Haemophilus ducreyi
- Pale-staining, gram negative (-), coccobacilli arranged in singly or in groups
- “School of fish”, “railroad tracks”, “fingerprint”
H. ducreyi is commonly referred as _________.
- “School of fish”
- “Railroad tracks”
- “Fingerprints”
Which organism is commonly referred to as:
* “School of fish”
* “Railroad tracks”
* “Fingerprints”
Haemophilus ducreyi
An alternative method for differentiating the heme-producing species of Haemophilus.
Porphyrin Test
Explain the principle of Porphyrin Test
To determine the ability of an organism to convert δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) into porphyrins or porphobilinogen.
What is the substrate in Porphyrin Test?
δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)
What is the reagent in Porphyrin Test?
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is also known as ________.
Kovac’s Reagent
What are the intermediates in the synthesis of X factor?
- Porphyrins
- Porphobilinogen
(+) Result in Tubed Porphyrin Test
Red color in lower aqueous solution
The (+) result in the tubed porphyrin test indicates the presence of _______.
Porphobilinogen
(+) Result in Plated Porphyrin Test
Reddish-orange fluorescence in UVL detection at 360 nm
The (+) result in the plated porphyrin test indicates the presence of _______.
Porphyrin
Which organisms are (+) for D-ALA/Porphyrin Test?
Organisms who do not require X factor:
* H. parainfluenzae
* H. parahaemolyticus
* H. aphrophilus
* H. paraphrophilus
Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both
H. influenzae
Both
Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both
H. parainfluenzae
V Factor
Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both
H. haemolyticus
Both
Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both
H. parahaemolyticus
V Factor
Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both
H. aegyptius
Both
Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both
H. aphrophilus
None
Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both
H. paraphrophilus
V Factor
Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both
H. ducreyi
X Factor
Which Haemophilus spp. are the only ones who produce β-hemolysis?
- H. haemolyticus
- H. parahaemolyticus
Gram stain reaction and morphology of HACEK group
Gram negative (-) bacilli
Is HACEK group fastidious?
Yes
Fastidious requirement for HACEK group
Increased CO2
Infection caused by HACEK group
Endocarditis
HACEK group is a normal microbiota of the ________.
Oral cavity
HACEK group is known to be _______ organisms.
opportunistic
HACEK group members
- Haemophilus spp.
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
- Cardiobacterium hominis
- Eikenella corrodens
- Kingella spp.
Which member of the HACEK group is capnophilic?
Cardiobacterium hominis
Which member/s of the HACEK group is/are dysgonic?
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
- Cardiobacterium hominis
- Eikenella corrodens
- Kingella spp.
Dysgonic means _______.
slow growers
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is previously known as __________.
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus is derived from the Greek words ______.
aphros and philia
The Greek words “aphros” and “philia” means ______.
foam-loving or desiring high concentration of CO2
Which organism is derived from the Greek words “aphros” and “philia”?
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus
It causes dental plaque and gingival scrapings
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus causes ___________.
- Dental plaque
- Gingival scrapings
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus is previously known as _______.
Haemophilus aphrophilus and Haemophilus paraphrophilus
Catalase reaction of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus
Negative (-)
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus utilizes which carbohydrates?
- Glucose
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Lactose
Which organism is known to have a “star shape with four to six points”?
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has a colonial characteristic of ___________.
“Star shape with four to six points” at the center of colonies after 48 hours of incubation in BAP
The colonial characteristic of A. actinomycetemcomitans appears after _________.
48 hours of incubation in BAP
How can the unique colonial appearance of A. actinomycetemcomitans seen?
Using a light microscope (100x) or stereomicroscope
Catalase reaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans
Negative (-)
Positive (+) ata ewan q
Oxidase reaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans
Variable (v)
Growth in MAC of A. actinomycetemcomitans
Negative (-)
Urease reaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans
Negative (-)
The (-) urease reaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans differentiates it from ____________.
Actinobacillus
A. actinomycetemcomitans utilizes which carbohydrate?
Glucose
Which organism forms rosettes or stick-like structures in yeast extract?
Cardiobacterium hominis
and C. valvarum?
Cardiobacterium hominis produces _________ in yeast extract.
rosettes or stick-like structures
Cardiobacterium hominis produces rosettes or stick-like structures in _______.
yeast extract
Growth in MAC agar of C. hominis
Negative (-)
Which member of the HACEK group is capable of “pitting” on agar?
Cardiobacterium hominis and Eikenella corrodens
Catalase reaction of C. hominis
Negative (-)
Indole reaction of C. hominis
Positive (+)
The catalase and indole reaction of C. hominis differentiates it from __________.
Aggregatibacter spp.
Oxidase reaction of C. hominis
Positive (+)
Which organism is associated with “clenched fist wounds” or after the skin has been broken by human teeth?
Eikenella corrodens
Eikenella corrodens is associated with _______.
“Clenched fist wounds”
Which member of the HACEK group is capable of “pitting” or corroding the surface of the agar?
Eikenella corrodens
Eikenella corrodens odor
Chlorine or bleach-like
An organism that has a chlorine or bleach-like odor
Eikenella corrodens
Catalase reaction of E. corrodens
Negative (-)
Oxidase reaction of E. corrodens
Positive (+)
Ornithine reaction of E. corrodens
Positive (+)
Does E. corrodens utilize carbohydrates?
No, it is asaccharolytic
Which member of the HACEK group is asaccharolytic?
Eikenella corrodens
Species under Kingella
- Kingella kingae
- Kingella denitrificans
- Kingella oralis
- Kingella potus
Morphology of Kingella spp.
Coccobacillary with squared-ends
Catalase reaction of Kingella spp.
Negative (-)
The catalase reaction of Kingella spp. differentiates it from ________.
Moraxella spp. and Neisseria spp.
Oxidase reaction of Kingella spp.
Positive (+)
Kingella spp. utilizes which carbohydrates?
Glucose, Maltose
Which member of the HACEK group has a (+) growth in Neisseria selective agars?
Kingella spp.
Capnocytophaga spp. belongs to the Family _________.
Flavobacteriaceae
Species under Capnocytophaga
- C. ochracea
- C. gingivalis
- C. sputigena
- C. haemolytica
- C. granulosa
Capnocytophaga spp. are a normal microbiota of the ________.
Oral cavity
Capnocytophaga spp. causes __________.
Septicemia with neutropenia
_________ causes Septicemia with neutropenia.
Capnocytophaga spp.
Neutropenia means _______.
low neutrophil count
Are Capnocytophaga spp. fastidious?
Yes
Aerotolerance of Capnocytophaga spp.
Facultative Anaerobe
Gram stain reaction and morphology of Capnocytophaga spp.
Gram negative (-) fusiform bacilli
What is the fastidious requirement of Capnocytophaga spp.?
Increased CO2
Are Capnocytophaga spp. motile?
Yes
Capnocytophaga spp. are characterized by its ________ motility.
Gliding motility
Which carbohydrates do Capnocytophaga spp. ferment?
- Glucose
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Lactose
Can Capnocytophaga spp. reduce nitrate?
Yes
Can Capnocytophaga spp. hydrolyze esculin?
Yes
Oxidase reaction of Capnocytophaga spp.
Negative (-)
Catalase reaction of Capnocytophaga spp.
Negative (-)
HACEK Group
Oxidase reaction of Haemophilus spp.
+/-
HACEK Group
Oxidase reaction of Aggregatibacter spp.
+/-
HACEK Group
Oxidase reaction of Cardiobacterium spp.
+
HACEK Group
Oxidase reaction of Eikenella spp.
+
HACEK Group
Oxidase reaction of Kingella spp.
+
HACEK Group
Catalase reaction of Haemophilus spp.
-
Which member of the HACEK group is Nitrate (-)?
Kingella spp.
An organism characterized by its “twitching motility”
Kingella spp.
Kingella spp. are characterized by its ________ motility.
Twitching motility
An organism characterized by its “gliding motility”
Capnocytophaga spp.
Pasteurella spp. cause the infection _______.
Pateurellosis
The causative agent of Pasteurellosis is ______.
Pasteurella spp.
Pasteurellosis is a ________ infection.
zoonotic
How is Pasteurellosis transmitted?
Through animal bites
Pasteurella spp. also cause _______.
Shipping Fever
The causative agent of Shipping Fever is _______.
Pasteurella spp.
Who is affected with Shipping Fever?
Cattles
A normal microbiota of the oral cavity of birds and mammals.
Pasteurella spp.
Pasteurella spp. is a normal microbiota of the ______ of birds and mammals.
oral cavity
Which Pasteurella sp. is common in humans?
Pasteurella multocida
TRUE OR FALSE.
Pasteurella sp. do not have a capsule
False
Are Pasteurella spp. motile?
No
An organism which stains bipolar (‘‘safety pin’’)
Pasteurella spp.
Oxidase reaction of Pasteurella spp.
Positive (+)
Ornithine reaction of Pasteurella spp.
Positive (+)
Catalase reaction of Pasteurella spp.
Positive (+)
Urease reaction of Pasteurella spp.
Positive (+)
Indole reaction of Pasteurella spp.
Positive (+)
Pasteurella spp. utilizes which carbohydrates?
Glucose
Pasteurella spp. Growth on MAC
Negative (-)
Pasteurella spp. Growth on BAP
Positive (+)
Which Pasteurella sp. is common in dogs?
Pasteurella canis
Which Pasteurella sp. is common in dogs, cats, and humans?
- P. stomatis
- P. dogmatis
It is associated with Legionnaire’s disease and Pontiac fever.
Legionella pneumophila
Legionella pneumophila is associated with ______.
Legionnaire’s disease and Pontiac fever
It is associated with Pittsburgh Pneumonia
Legionella micdadei
Legionella micdadei is associated with ________.
Pittsburgh Pneumonia
It is associated with Wiga’s agent of pneumonia
Legionella bozemanii
Legionella bozemanni is associated with ________.
Wiga’s agent of Pneumonia
Legionella spp. resists ________.
water treatment
Which organism resists water treatment?
Legionella spp.
Legionella spp. can tolerate and multiply at a temperature over _______.
20 to 43 C
Mode of Transmission for Legionella spp.
Aerosolized water particles
Which specimen is collected for the isolation of Legionella spp.?
Sputum
For Legionella spp.
The sputum is diluted ____ with 0.2 N KCl-HCl for 5 minutes.
1:10
For Legionella spp.
The sputum is diluted 1:10 with ___________.
0.2 N KCl-HCl for 5 minutes
For Legionella spp.
The ________ is diluted 1:10 with 0.2 N KCl-HCl for 5 minutes.
sputum
Incubation period for Legionella spp.
37 C in air for at least 7 days
Legionella spp. growth in BAP
Negative (-)
Legionella spp. requires _____.
L-cysteine
Which organism requires L-cysteine?
Legionella spp.
Culture media for Legionella spp.
- BCYE with L-cysteine
- Feeley Gorman medium
Colonial apperance of Legionella spp.
Grayish-white, blue-green, convex, and glistening colonies with “ground-glass” and “cut-glass” appearance
Which organism is characterized by its “ground-glass” or “cut-glass” appearance?
Legionella spp.
Legionella spp. can be serologically identified by _______.
Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA)
What is the purpose of DFA?
To detect the presence of Legionella Ag
Which stain is used for Legionella spp.?
Deiterle Silver Stain
Deiterle Silver Stain is used for ________.
Legionella spp.
Legionella spp. stain _____ in Deiterle silver stain.
black
It is the causative agent of Tularemia
Francisella tularensis
Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of ________.
Tularemia
What kind of infection is Tularemia?
Zoonotic
Tularemia is also known as _____.
Water trapper’s disease
Tularemia Mode of Transmission
Ingestion, inhalation, arthropod bite, contact with infected tissues
Is Francisella tularensis motile?
No
Is Francisella tularensis capsulated?
Yes
Aerotolerance of Francisella tularensis
Obligate anaerobe
Requirements of Francisella tularensis
- Cysteine
- Cystine
- Thiosulfate
Catalase reaction of Francisella tularensis
Positive (+)
Oxidase reaction of Francisella tularensis
Negative (-)
Urease reaction of Francisella tularensis
Negative (-)
Francisella tularensis growth on MAC
Negative (-)
Culture media for Francisella tularensis
- Glucose Cysteine Blood Agar (GCBA)
- Peptone Cysteine Agar (PCA)
- Cysteine Heart Agar (CHA)
Gram stain reaction and morphology of Bordetella spp.
Gram negative (-) bacilli
Aerotolerance of Bordetella spp.
Obligate aerobes
Bordetella spp. grow best at _______.
35-37 C
The causative agent of whooping cough or pertussis
Bordetella pertussis
Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of ________.
Whooping cough or Pertussis
A milder form of whooping cough; pertussis-like syndrome
Bordetella parapertussis
It inhabits the respiratory tract of canines, and cause Kennel cough
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Bordetella bronchiseptica is the causative agent of _______.
Kennel Cough
Virulence factors associated with Bordetella pertussis
- Filamentous hemaglutinin (FHA) & Pertactin
- Pertussis Toxin (PT)
How is FHA and pertactin virulent?
Used for attachment
How is pertussis toxin virulent?
It interferes with signal transduction
Which virulence factor of B. pertussis functions as attachment?
Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) & Pertactin
Which virulence factor of B. pertussis interferes with signal transduction?
Pertussis Toxin (PT)
Virulence factors associated with Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
- Tracheal Cytotoxin
How is adenylate cyclase toxin virulent?
Inhibit host epithelial cells and immune effector cells
How is tracheal cytotoxin virulent?
It inhibits DNA synthesis and promote cell death
Which virulence factor of B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica inhibits human epithelial cells and immune effector cells?
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
Which virulence factor of B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica inhibits DNA synthesis and promotes cell death?
Tracheal Cytotoxin
Which species of Bordetella is motile?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Which species of Bordetella is negative for urease?
Bordetella pertussis
Which species of Bordetella is positive for nitrate?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Which species of Bordetella is negative for oxidase?
Bordetella parapertussis
How many stages does Pertussis have?
3 Stages of Pertussis
1. Catarrhal Phase
2. Paroxysmal Phase
3. Convalescent Phase
Which Stage of Pertussis?
Development of flu-like symptoms
Stage 1: Catarrhal Phase
Which Stage of Pertussis?
Repetitive coughing episodes followed by the characteristic “whoop” at the end of the coughing spell.
Stage 2: Paroxysmal Phase
Which Stage of Pertussis?
Recovery period
Stage 3: Convalescent Phase
Specimen of choice for Bordetella spp.
Nasopharyngeal aspirates or Swab
The swab for Bordetella spp. must be made of ______.
Calcium alginate or Dacron polyester
Culture medium for Bordetella spp.
- Bordet-Gengou (Potato-Blood Glycerol)
- Regan-Lowe Transport Medium with charcoal, 10% horse blood, and cephalexin
- Jones Kendrich with charcoal and yeast extract
- Charcoal-Cephalexin Blood Agar (CCBA)
- Stainer & Scholte
- Casamino Broth
Regan-Lowe Transport Medium contents
Charcoal with 10% horse blood and cephalexin
Jones Kendrich Medium contents
Charcoal, yeast extract
Bordet-Gengou is also known as _________.
Potato-Blood Glycerol
Colonial appearance of Bordetella spp. when cultured in Bordet-Gengou medium.
Mercury drop or Pearl-like colonies
Gram stain reaction and morphology of Brucella spp.
Gram negative (-) bacilli
Aerotolerance of Brucella spp.
Obligate aerobes
Are Brucella spp. capsulated?
No
Brucella spp. are ______ bacteria.
zoonotic
Brucella spp. requires _______ to enhance its growth.
Erythritol
Brucella spp. cause _________.
Animal abortion and endocarditis
______ cause animal abortion and endocarditis.
Brucella spp.
Culture medium for Brucella spp.
- Castaneda Broth
- TSB
- Wisconsin medium
- CAP
A biphasic medium that contains broth and solid part in one bottle.
Castaneda Broth
Castaneda broth is a ______ medium.
biphasic
Which Brucella spp. are positive (+) for H2S?
- Brucella abortus
- Brucella suis
Some Brucella spp. are inhibited by the dyes __________.
Fuchsin and Thionine
Serologic tests for Brucella spp.
- Rose Bengal
- 2-mercapthoethanol Agglutination
_______ is the causative agent of Meditteranean Fever.
Brucella melitensis
Brucella melitensis is the causative agent of _________.
Meditteranean Fever
________ is also known as “Bang’s Bacillus”
Brucella abortus
Brucella abortus is also known as _________.
Bang’s Bacillus
Natural hosts of Brucella melitensis
Goat or sheep
Natural hosts of Brucella abortus
Cattle
Natural hosts of Brucella suis
Swine
Natural hosts of Brucella canis
Dogs
Which Brucella spp. are negative for Serum Agglutination?
Brucella canis
Which Brucella spp. are variable for urease?
Brucella melitensis
Determine which Brucella spp.
Urease: (+) <2 hours
Brucella abortus
Determine which Brucella spp.
Urease: (+) <0.5 hour
- Brucella suis
- Brucella canis
Which Brucella spp. are inhibited by Thionine?
Brucella abortus
Which Brucella spp. are inhibited by Fuchsin?
- Brucella suis
- Brucella canis
