Introduction to cognition and emotion

Question 1

Describe the top-down influence of sensation, perception and cognition?

Answer 1

Thought and prior knowledge (higher level cognition) and influence the way you perceive information

Question 2

Describe the broad framework of sensation, perception and cognition?

Answer 2

Sensation > perception > higher level cognition

Question 3

How is cognition defined in the field of cognitive science and neuropsychology?

Answer 3

Broad term of information processing and application of knowledge

Question 4

How is cognition defined in the field of social psychology and clinical psychology?

Answer 4

Thoughts and internal dialogue

Question 5

Why is the study of cognition important for practice?

Answer 5

Can inform diagnoses

Can help us to determine how best to work with patients, based on their abilities

Question 6

Cognition stemmed from the idea of what?

Answer 6

Localisation of function

Question 7

What does localisation of function describe?

Answer 7

Structure-function relationship in the brain is one to one

Question 8

What does localisation of function suggest happens when brain damage occurs?

Answer 8

That cognition breaks down in specific ways

Question 9

Which types of studies have been based on the idea of localisation of function?

Answer 9

Lesion studies in animals
Case studies in humans
Neuroimaging

Question 10

What are the major functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 10

Planning

Execution and regulation of behaviour

Question 11

What are the major functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 11

Audition
Language
Music
Memory
Emotion

Question 12

What are the major functions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 12

Somatic representations

Visuospatial representations

Question 13

What is the major function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 13

Vision

Question 14

What is the left hemisphere specialised for?

Answer 14

Language

Question 15

What is the right hemisphere specialised for?

Answer 15

Visuospatial processing

Question 16

What is it important to remember when considering localisation and lateralisation of function?

Answer 16

It is rare for ‘absolute’ specialisation to occur, and that individual differences exist

Question 17

What does Luria’s brain-behaviour theory describe?

Answer 17

Organisation of function in the brain

Question 18

Briefly describe Luria’s brain-behaviour theory?

Answer 18

There are three basic units of the CNS, each specialised for different funtions

Question 19

What are the three basic units of the CNS described by Luria?

Answer 19

Brainstem and associated areas
Posterior cortical regions
Frontal and prefrontal lobes

Question 20

Which functions did Luria associate with each of the three units of the CNS?

Answer 20

Brainstem and associated areas: regulation of arousal and muscle tone
Posterior cortical regions: reception, integration, and analysis of sensory information
Frontal and prefrontal lobes: planning, executing and verifying behaviour

Question 21

Describe Luria’s cortical zones?

Answer 21

Three divisions (primary, secondary and tertiary zones) in the anterior and posterior cortical regions

Question 22

What is the problem with Luria’s brain-behaviour theory?

Answer 22

Some cognitive domains do not have one-to-one structural relationships;m need to think of systems or networks for each cognitive domain

Question 23

Describe Luria’s principles of functional systems, or ‘pluripotentiality’?

Answer 23

1. Each area of the brain operates in conjunction with other areas
2. No area is singly responsible for voluntary human behaviour
3. Each area may play a specific role in many behaviours

Question 24

Describe Darwin’s early ideas about emotions?

Answer 24

Basic emotions have adaptive significance

Humans share emotional states with animals

Question 25

Define emotion?

Answer 25

SEVERAL DEFINITIONS: Inferred behavioural state - conscious, subjective, internal feeling Psychophysiological state - incorporates conscious feelings - physiological arousal - cognitive component

Question 26

What are the core emotions?

Answer 26

``` Anger Fear Sadness Disgust Happiness (Surprise) ```

Question 27

What are the important characteristics of core emotions?

Answer 27

Culturally universal Innate Involve 'old brain' structures

Question 28

How do complex emotions arise?

Answer 28

Different combinations of core emotions

Question 29

Which emotions are most frequently used in research and why?

Answer 29

Fear and sadness They are easy to elicit and study They correlate with anxiety and depression

Question 30

Which neural systems are involved with emotion?

Answer 30

Limbic system

Question 31

What is the limbic system composed of?

Answer 31

``` Hippocampus Cingulate gyrus Hypothalamus Amygdala Septal area Nucleus accumbens Orbitofrontal cortex ```

Question 32

When does Kluver-Bucy syndrome arise?

Answer 32

Damage to anterior temporal lobe, in particular the amygdala

Question 33

Describe the presentation of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 33

Tameness | Loss of fear

Question 34

What does Kluver-Bucy syndrome indicate about the function of the amygdala?

Answer 34

Involved in implicit emotional learning

Question 35

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

Answer 35

Identification and expression of emotion

Question 36

What do lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex result in?

Answer 36

Reduced facial expression and affect

Question 37

Describe the laterality effect of orbitofrontal cortex lesions?

Answer 37

Right lesions worse than left lesions

Question 38

Describe the findings about OFC in patients with affect disorders?

Answer 38

Reduced OFC volume

Question 39

Describe the link between the hippocampus and affective disorders?

Answer 39

Volume reduction in depression

Question 40

Describe the James Lange Theory of cognition and emotion?

Answer 40

We experience emotion in response to physiological changes

Question 41

Describe the Cannon Bard Theory of emotion?

Answer 41

We can experience emotion without expressing it physically | Physiologic changes are not unique to specific emotions

Question 42

What is the core of the primacy debate?

Answer 42

Is cognition essential to experiencing an affective response? ie. does emotion precede cognition or vice-versa?

Question 43

Describe Lazarus' idea of cognitive appraisal and emotions?

Answer 43

'What you bring to a situation will impact the outcome' Cognitive processing is integral to emotional states, and cognitive appraisal directly impacts the physiological stress response Cognitive appraisal can influence the type of emotional response

Question 44

Describe the idea behind psychological interventions for mental health disorders?

Answer 44

Cognitive appraisal: change they way you think > change the way you feel Reduce physiological response and tackle cognitive underpinnings

Question 45

What is cognitive appraisal?

Answer 45

Personal interpretation of a situation