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Neuroscience > Development of the nervous system > Flashcards

Development of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the three germ layers does the nervous system arise from?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

Which structure that arises in the ectoderm forms the basis of the nervous system?

A

Neural plate

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3
Q

What happens to the neural plate once it starts to develop?

A

Starts to invaginate/fold > forms tube beneath ectoderm

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4
Q

What is the tube that forms beneath the ectoderm when the neural plate invaginates known as?

A

Neural groove

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5
Q

Where does the neural groove lie in relation to the notochord?

A

Neural groove is above notochord

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6
Q

What happens to the neural groove after it begins to form?

A

Deepens > edges come together and join in midline > creates a tubular structure that can break free from overlying ectoderm

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7
Q

What is the tubular structure formed from the folding of the neural groove called?

A

Neural tube

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8
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

Neural groove deepens > edges come together and join in midline > creates a tubular structure that can break free from overlying ectoderm

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9
Q

What is the first physical structure of the nervous system to form?

A

Neural tube

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10
Q

Describe the neural tube?

A

Simple tube Single cell thick

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11
Q

What does the neural tube go on to form?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

What does the hole in the neural tube go on to form?

A

Ventricular system

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13
Q

What does the ventricular system arise from?

A

Hole in the neural tube

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14
Q

Describe the gradient that exists in the neural tube?

A

Rostral to caudal gradient

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15
Q

What is the consequence of the rostral to caudal gradient in the neural tube?

A

Development occurs faster at the head end and slower at the tail end Rostral end is older

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16
Q

Describe the order of neural tube closure?

A

Closure tends to start towards middle, and leave ends of neural tube open

Zippers shut up and down from that midpoint

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17
Q

Gove examples of birth defects that arise as a result of failure of closure of the neural tube?

A

Spina bifida

Anencephaly

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18
Q

Are the five ‘zipping’ processes in the closure of the neural tube dependent on each other?

A

No, largely indepedent

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19
Q

Briefly describe the segmentation process of the neural tube?

A

Rostral end of tube starts to well

3 distinct vesicles form

Further segmentation of these vesicles occurs

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20
Q

Name the three vesicles initially formed by the segmetation of the neural tube? Which brain structure does each vesicle correspond to?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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21
Q

What does the prosencephalon further divide into?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

22
Q

What does the rombencephalon further didvide into?

A

Seven segments (r1-r7)

23
Q

Whathappens to the part of the neural tube that does not become segmented?

A

Intact neural tube goes on to form spinal cord

24
Q

What do the pons and cerebellum arise from?

A

Metencephalon division of rhombencephalon

25
Q

What does the medulla arise from?

A

Myelencephalon division of rhombencephalon

26
Q

What are the major derivatives of the telencephalon?

A

Cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus

27
Q

What are the major derivatives of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

28
Q

What does the caudal part of the neural tube go on to form?

A

Spinal cord

29
Q

Describe the structure of the developing brain after neural tube segmentation has occured?

A

series of thin-walled bubbles

30
Q

What is the neural crest?

A

cells tha lie between the neural groove and neural tube after the neural tube forms

31
Q

What is the fate of the neural crest?

A

Cells migrate away to form a variety of structures:

  • melanocytes
  • PNS
  • muscle, cartilage and bone of skul, jaw, face and pharynx
  • dentine
32
Q

Why are neural crest cells able to migrate so far throughout the developing embryo?

A

Cells are incredibly mobile

33
Q

What is the longest migration that the neural crest cells undergo?

A

Enteric migration

Enter gut at oesophagus and migrate down to anal end

34
Q

What feature of neural crest cells to cancer cells regain when they metastasise?

A

Ability to migrate through body tissues

35
Q

What is the epithelium of the neural tube called? Describe it?

A

Neuroepithelium

Sinle cell thick, pseudostratified columnar

36
Q

How is the cortex developed?

A

Neuroepithelium adds layers (6)

Dividing cells at the base move to new position at the outer

37
Q

Which defects can lead to cortex malformation?

A

Defects in genes that affect migration

38
Q

What is induction?

A

Developmental process in neurons that gives us the variety of neuronal types that we need for a functioning brain

Process for differentiating neurons

39
Q

Describe the process of induction that occurs in the spinal cord?

A

Neural tube sits on top of notochord, which acts as prime organiser

Notochord sends out signals which affects closest part of neural tube

Floor plate formed > ANTERIOR/VENTRAL identified

Roof plate formed > POSTERIOR/DORSAL

40
Q

Why is the floor plate so important in spinal cord development?

A

Cells start releasing signals > forms diffusion gradient up and across rest of spinal cord > cells immediately next to them know that they are in ventral part of spinal cord > form ventral horn motor neurons

41
Q

What is the consequence of the absence of the floor plate?

A

No motor neurons develop

42
Q

How are interneurons induced in the spinal cord?

A

Appear just dorsal to motor neurons due to inductive events

43
Q

How do axons grow?

A

Grow out to meet target cell

Towed into position by growth cone

44
Q

What are pioneer axons?

A

First axons to appear

Form a scaffold which later axons can build upon/follow

45
Q

What are growth cones?

A

Structures which guide axon growth and tow them into position

46
Q

Describe the structure of growth cones?

A

Dynamic structure of cytoskleleton

47
Q

What guides axon navigation?

A

Growth steers towards target due to diffusible and membrane bound signals

48
Q

Is the development of the nervous system complete at birth?

A

No; only a crude nervous system

49
Q

What is the critical period in the development of the nervous system?

A

Time after birth in which refinement of the crude NS occurs

50
Q

What is the effect of temporary eye closure during the critical period on the visual cortex?

A

Cortex changes

Open eye has greatly increased representation , deprived eye has greatly reduced representation

Neuroscience (51 decks)

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