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Neuroscience > Drugs of dependence and antidepressants > Flashcards

Drugs of dependence and antidepressants Flashcards

1
Q

Define drug dependence?

What does it arise from?

A

State where drug use becomes compulsive, taking precedence over other needs

Arises from drug abuse

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2
Q

Define drug abuse?

A

Use of illicit substances (or illicit use of legal substances) characterised by recurrent and clinically significant adverse consequences

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3
Q

Describe the relationship between drug abuse and drug dependence?

A

Drug dependence arises from drug abuse

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4
Q

Describe the common reasons for drug abuse?

A

Rewarding effects of psychoactive drugs (positive reinforcement)

Habituation or adaptation

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5
Q

List some commonly abused drugs?

A
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6
Q

Which circuits are thought to be involved in drug abuse and addiction?

A

Reward/ salience areas

Memory/learning areas

Motivation/drive areas

Inhibitory control areas

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7
Q

What is the key to the positive reinforcement provided by drugs of dependence and abuse?

A

Increase in dopamine in nucleus accumbens

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8
Q

What are the key NTs modulating dopaminergic transmission?

A

Ach, serotonin, NA

GABA, glutamate

Opioids

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9
Q

To which drug class does amphetmaine belong?

A

CNS stimulant

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10
Q

Describe the effect of amphetamine on NTs?

A

Releases Da, 5-HT and NA in CNS

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11
Q

Which variables alter the effects of amphetamine?

A

Mood

Personality

Environment

Dose

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12
Q

Describe the effects of amphetamine?

A

Mood elevation/euphoria

Increased locomotor activity

Stereotypic behaviour

Improved physical and mental performance (fatigue postponed, confidence, faster performance but less accuracy)

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13
Q

Describe the effects of amphetamine overdose?

A

Anxiety, nervousness and physical tension

Tremors, confusion, dizziness, time passes quickly

Hyperthermia, tachycardia, increased BP, vascular collapse

Amphetamine psychosis - hallucinations

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14
Q

Why does amphetamine dependence occur?

When is depedence more likely to occur?

A

Related to dopaminergic actions in nuclear accumbens

More likely to occur in those starting at a ‘lower basleine’ (i.e. depressives, lonely)

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15
Q

Describe the effect of amphetamine on appetite?

Why does this occur?

A

Appetite suppressant

Thought to be an effect of 5-HT

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16
Q

What is MDMA?

A

MethyleneDioxyMetAmphetamine

‘Ecstasy’

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17
Q

Describe the effects of MDMA on NTs?

A

Release DA and 5-HT

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18
Q

Describe the effects of MDMA?

A

Stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

19
Q

Describe the adverse effects of MDMA?

A

Psychological dependence

Increased HR and BP

Disrupted thermoregulation (chills, sweating)

Potential degeneration of 5-HT and DA neurons

20
Q

What is LSD?

Which drug class does is belong to?

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide

Hallucinogen

21
Q

Describe the effects of LSD?

A

Visual, auditory and tactile hallucinations (sesnory modalitites confused)

Thought processes disturbed but aware

22
Q

Describe the adverse effects of LSD?

A

Tolerance

Dependence not really an issue (aversive rather than reinforcing)

23
Q

Describe the action of LSD in the body?

A

Agonist at 5-HT2 receptors

24
Q

Describe the effects of caffeine?

A

Increases alertness, well-being

Delays onset of sleep

Stimulates mental activity

25
Q

To which drug class does caffeine belong?

What is its action?

A

Methylxanthine

Adenosine antagonist, PDE inhibitor

26
Q

Describe the effect of dependence in caffeine?

A

No strong reinforcing effect in animals

Social aspect in humans

27
Q

What is D9-THC?

A

Active ingredient in cannabis

28
Q

To which drug class does D9-THC belong?

A

CNS depressant

29
Q

Describe the effects of D9-THC?

A

Very subjective; influenced by characteristics of drug and individual

Sharpened sensory awareness, increased intensity of sounds and sights

Relaxation, feeling of well-being

30
Q

Describe the effect of dependence with D9-THC use?

A

Some evidence of physical and psychological dependence in heavy users

31
Q

Where does D9-THC act in the body?

Describe its effect?

A

Cannabinoid receptors (GPCRs) > inhibits adenylate cyclase > inhibition of transmission

Two receptor subtypes: CB1 and CB2

32
Q

Describe the effects of ethanol?

A

Behavioural effects: subjective; increased confidence, euphoria, agression, mood swings

Motor effects: loss of coordination, slurred speech

Tissue effects: cardiovascular protection, liver damage, neurodegeneration, foetal impairment

33
Q

To which class of drugs does does ethanol belong?

Describe its action?

A

CNS depressant

Can inhibit Ca channel opening, enhance GABA action, inhibit glutamate receptors

34
Q

Describe the effects of tolerance and dependence with ethanol use?

A

Marked tolerance, due to pharmacokinetic effects of enhanced clearance

Physical dependence, rather than psychological (well defined abstinence syndrome)

35
Q

Describe the three generations of antidepressant drugs?

A

1st: tricyclic antidepressants, MAO inhibitors
2nd: SSRIs, SSNRIs
3rd: novel monoaminergic drugs, non-monoaminergic drugs

36
Q

Describe the pharmacological action of tricyclic antidepressants?

Describe their selectivity?

A

Inhinit neuronal uptake of NA and serotonin

Anatgonise a-adrenoceptors, MuscR, HA receptors and serotonin receptors

Poor selectivity (based around somehow interfering with uptake of NA and serotonin

37
Q

Give three examples of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Imipramime

Amitryptiline

Doxepin

38
Q

Describe the onset of clinical effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Takes weeks to develop

39
Q

Describe the therapeutic window of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Narrow

Limited efficacy, side effects become a problem

40
Q

Describe the half lives of tricyclic antidepressants?

What impact does this have on dosage?

A

Longish half-life

Gradual accumulation possible, so slowly developing side effects

Start dose low to avoid side effects, then increase

41
Q

Describe the pharmacological action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

A

Increase levels of 5-HT, NA and DA

42
Q

Describe the pharmacological effect of SSRIs?

A

Selective for blocking 5-HT uptake

43
Q

Describe the side effects of SSRIs?

A

Nausea

Insomnia

Agitation

Weight change

Loss of libido

44
Q
A

Neuroscience (51 decks)

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