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Neuroscience > General structure of the nervous system > Flashcards

General structure of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the PNS made up of?

A

Nerves and ganglia

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2
Q

What is the brainstem composed of?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla

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3
Q

Where is the white matter located in the cortex?

A

Inner

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4
Q

What is white matter composed of in the cortex?

A

Myelinated axons and glia

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5
Q

Where is the grey matter located in the cortex?

A

Outer

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6
Q

What is the grey matter composed of in the cortex?

A

Neuron cell bodies and glia

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7
Q

What cell type is found in both they grey and white matter of the cortex?

A

Glial cells

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8
Q

What technique can be used to visualise only white matter tracts in the brain?

A

Diffusion weighted MRI

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9
Q

What can diffusion weighted MRI be utilised for?

A

Viewing white matter tracts in the brain

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10
Q

Where does the kink/change in direction of the brain occur?

A

Between midbrain and diencephalon

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11
Q

What is the consequence of the kink/change in direction of the brain?

A

Twist in brain axis

Dorsal shifts from being ‘upwards’ to ‘backwards’

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12
Q

What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

A

Left and right cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

What are the ridges in the cerebrum called?

A

Gyri

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15
Q

What are gyri?

A

Ridges in the cerebrum

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16
Q

What are the grooves in the cerebrum called?

A

Sulci

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17
Q

What are sulci?

A

Grooves in the cerebrum

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18
Q

What is the surface of the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral cortex

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19
Q

What is the functional significance of the four lobes of the cortex?

A

Very limited functional significance

They are arbitrary boundaries

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20
Q

Why are Brodmann areas significant?

A

Functional mapping of the brain, with defined boundaries that are functionally significant

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21
Q

What are Brodmann areas based on?

A

Cellular differences

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22
Q

How are the left and right cerebral hemispheres joined?

A

Corpus callosum

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23
Q

Describe the structure of the cortex?

A

1 cm thick
Outer grey matter, inner white matter
Layered structure (6 layers)

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24
Q

What types of neurons are found in the cortex?

A

Pyramidal neurons and interneurons

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25
Q

What are the major roles of the cerebellum?

A

Motor control
Comparing what you want to do with what you are doing
Refines execution of motor program

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26
Q

Where are most of the brain’s neurons located?

A

Cerebellum (half of all neurons)

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27
Q

Where are basal ganglia found in the brain?

A

Diencephalon

Deep within brain, beneath white matter

28
Q

What are the roles of basal ganglia?

A

Motor control

Selects and initiates voluntary movements

29
Q

What is the consequence of damage to the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

Huntington’s Disease

30
Q

Within which brain structure is the thalamus found?

A

Diencephalon

31
Q

What is the major role of the thalamus?

A

Major sensory relay to cortex

32
Q

Describe the structure of the thalamus?

A

Pair of nuclei

Distributed bilaterally

33
Q

Describe the three ways in which thalamic nuclei project?

A
  1. Relays sensory info to cortex
  2. Relays non-sensory info from cortex and basal ganglia to specific areas of cortex
  3. Projects globally to cortex
34
Q

What are the major roles of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates homeostasis

Controls pituitary

35
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located relative to the hypothalamus?

A

Located beneath it

36
Q

What are the major functions of the brainstem?

A

Facial muscle control
Control of sensation from face and head
Cardiorespiratory control
Sleep/wake cycle

37
Q

Which brain structure does the spinal cord connect to?

A

Medulla

38
Q

Describe the arrangement of grey and white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter inner

White matter outer

39
Q

What are the three major regions in the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal horn
Intermediate zone
Ventral horn

40
Q

What information do the dorsal and ventral horns deal with?

A

Dorsal horns deal with incoming sensory information

Ventral horns deal with outgoing motor information

41
Q

What are the divisions of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

42
Q

How does the spinal cord change along its length?

A

Changes shape, but maintains overall ‘H’ shape

Enlarged at lower cervical and lumbar regions

43
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1/L2

44
Q

What do the spinal segments correspond with?

A

Each vertebra has a corresponding spinal segment

45
Q

What do spinal segments give rise to?

A

Pair of spinal nerves

46
Q

What are spinal nerves formed from?

A

Dorsal and ventral roots

47
Q

What is the DRG?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

Contains sensory nerve cell bodies

48
Q

Where are DRG found?

A

Hidden between vertebrae

49
Q

What is the character of most peripheral nerves?

A

Mixed (both sensory and motor)

50
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Region of the body innervated by a bilateral pair of dorsal root ganglia

51
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Hollow sections of brain that contain CSF

52
Q

List the ventricles found in the human brain?

A

2 x lateral ventricles
1 third ventricle
1 fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct

53
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

Formed by vascular choroid plexus in ventricles

54
Q

Describe the flow of CSF?

A

Formed in ventricles > flows out at fourth ventricle > bathes brain

55
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Bathes brain and acts as shock absorber

56
Q

List the meninges of the brain?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

57
Q

Describe the morphology of the three layers of meninges?

A

Dura - thick
Arachnoid - fibrous
Pia - thin

58
Q

Where does the CSF lie as it bathes the brain?

A

Sub-arachnoid space

59
Q

What does the sub-arachnoid space contain?

A

CSF

60
Q

How is CSF resorbed?

A

Resorbed by major veins in sub-arachnoid space

61
Q

What is the falx?

A

Extension of meninges that divides cerebral hemispheres

62
Q

What is the tentorium?

A

Extension of meninges that separates cerebellum and occipital lobe

63
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

Limits free access of material in the blood to the brain

So, protects ECF of brain

64
Q

What is the blood brain barrier formed by?

A

Endothelial cells of capillaries with very tight junctions

65
Q

What type of transport is required for substances to access the brain?

A

Active transport

Neuroscience (51 decks)

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